1. REVIEW SLIDES

2. NOTE:
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Disclaimer: these slides are not intended to substitute for exam preparation. Finding a mistake does not exempt students from knowing the material.

3. Chapter 10
Sensory Physiology

4. ________________ are pain receptors that depolarize in response to stimuli that accompany tissue damage.

5. ___nociceptors_ are pain receptors that depolarize in response to stimuli that accompany tissue damage.

6. In many cases, we do not need to be continuously aware of a constant stimulus, and our receptors adjust accordingly. This is called ____________________ __________________.

7. In many cases, we do not need to be continuously aware of a constant stimulus, and our receptors adjust accordingly. This is called sensory adaptation.

8. Sensory adaptation involves _____________________ receptors.

9. Sensory adaptation involves phasic_ receptors.

10. Tonic receptors respond to _____________.

11. Tonic receptors respond to __pain___.

12. ___________________ are receptors that respond to mechanical force.

13. _mechanoreceptors_ are receptors that respond to mechanical force.

14. ______________________ are receptors that respond to tissue damage.

15. _pain receptors (nociceptors)___ are receptors that respond to tissue damage.

16. _______________________ are receptors that respond to dissolved chemicals.

17. Chemoreceptors are receptors that respond to dissolved chemicals.

18. __________________ are receptors found in the rods and cones in the retina of the eye, which respond to light.

19. Photoreceptors_ are receptors found in the rods and cones in the retina of the eye, which respond to light.

20. Distinguish between a tonic and a phasic receptor

21. Phasic receptor — fast-adapting Stimulus applied Stimulus withdrawn
Fig. 10.1
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Phasic receptor —
fast-adapting
Stimulus
applied
Stimulus
withdrawn
Tonic receptors continue to fire action potentials as long as the stimulus is applied. Phasic receptors slow down the rate of action potentials even though the stimulus continues.
(a)
Action potentials
Resting
membrane
potential
Tonic receptor —
slow-adapting
Stimulus
applied
Stimulus
withdrawn
(b)

22. The Law of ______________ _______________ _________________ states that the sensation characteristic of each sensory neuron is that produced by its normal stimulus, or adequate stimulus.

23. The Law of Specific Nerve Energies states that the sensation characteristic of each sensory neuron is that produced by its normal stimulus, or adequate stimulus.

24. Which of the following is NOT a type of chemoreceptor?
Olfactory receptor
Cochlea
Gustatory receptor
Carotid body

25. Which of the following is NOT a type of chemoreceptor?
Olfactory receptor
Cochlea
Gustatory receptor
Carotid body

26. Each rod contains thousands of molecules of a purple pigment known as __________________.

27. Each rod contains thousands of molecules of a purple pigment known as __rhodopsin_.

28. Rhodopsin (pigment) appears purple (a combination of red and blue) because it transmits light in the red and blue regions of the spectrum, while absorbing light energy in the ________________ region.

29. Rhodopsin (pigment) appears purple (a combination of red and blue) because it transmits light in the red and blue regions of the spectrum, while absorbing light energy in the _green_ region.

30. ___________________ cars (and other green objects) are seen more easily at night because the rods are used at night, and they contain rhodopsin, which responds to this color primarily.

31. __Green_ cars (and other green objects) are seen more easily at night because the rods are used at night, and they contain rhodopsin, which responds to this color primarily.

32. In response to absorbed light rhodopsin dissociates into its two components: the pigment retinaldehyde (also called retinene or retinal), which is derived from vitamin A, and a protein called opsin. This reaction is known as the _________________ reaction.

33. In response to absorbed light rhodopsin dissociates into its two components: the pigment retinaldehyde (also called retinene or retinal), which is derived from vitamin A, and a protein called opsin. This reaction is known as the bleaching_ reaction.

34. In the presence of light, the dissociation of opsin from retinaldehyde (bleaching reaction) is what causes the ____________proteins to dissociate. This leads to the conversion of cGMP to GMP, and results in the closing of Na+ channels, causing hyperpolarization.

35. In the presence of light, the dissociation of opsin from retinaldehyde (bleaching reaction) is what causes the G- proteins to dissociate. This leads to the conversion of cGMP to GMP, and results in the closing of Na+ channels, causing hyperpolarization.

36. The dissociated rhodopsin (separated into trans-retinaldehyde and opsin) must reassociate in order for vision to occur. For this purpose, the trans-retinaldehyde moves from the photoreceptor cells to the pigmented epithelium where it is converted back into cis-retinaldehyde (and then transported back to the photoreceptors).
This is called the _____________ ___________ __ _____________.

37. The dissociated rhodopsin (separated into trans-retinaldehyde and opsin) must reassociate in order for vision to occur. For this purpose, the trans-retinaldehyde moves from the photoreceptor cells to the pigmented epithelium where it is converted back into cis-retinaldehyde (and then transported back to the photoreceptors).
This is called the visual cycle of retinal.

38. The bleaching reaction occurs in both rods and ______________.

39. The bleaching reaction occurs in both rods and cones_.

40. The ______________ provide color vision and greater visual acuity.

41. The cones provide color vision and greater visual acuity.

42. In rods, retinaldehyde is combined with __________, whereas in cones, retinaldehyde is combined with ______________.

43. In rods, retinaldehyde is combined with opsin, whereas in cones, retinaldehyde is combined with _photopsin.

44. Cones have three different types of photopsins that absorb ____________, _____________, and ___________.

45. Cones have three different types of photopsins that absorb red, blue and _green.

46. Photoreceptors are normally polarized and they send out an inhibitory neurotransmitter that blocks vision. The presence of light removes the inhibitory neurotransmitter, and ________________ the cell, which removes the inhibition.

47. Photoreceptors are normally polarized and they send out an inhibitory neurotransmitter that blocks vision. The presence of light removes the inhibitory neurotransmitter, and hyperpolarizes the cell, which removes the inhibition.

48. Increasing frequency of the “generator potential” results in an increased frequency of action potentials in a ________________ receptor.

49. Increasing frequency of the “generator potential” results in an increased frequency of action potentials in a tonic receptor.
See graph on the next slide (Figure 10.3)

50. Action potentials Threshold Generator potentials Stimuli Time
Fig. 10.3
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Action
potentials
Threshold
Generator
potentials
Stimuli
Time

51. The two-point touch threshold test measures (?)

52. The two-point touch threshold test measures the distance at which two points of touch can be perceived as separate, which is a measure of the distance between receptive fields.
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 10.5
Skin surface
Sensory
neurons
Sensory
neuron
Perception
of two points
of touch
Perception
of one point
of touch

53. Hot temperatures activate a nociceptor at temperatures of 43 degrees Celsius or higher. This nociceptor is an ion channel that also binds to the molecule in _________ ___________ __________, called capsaicin.

54. Hot temperatures activate a nociceptor at temperatures of 43 degrees Celsius or higher. This nociceptor is an ion channel that also binds to the molecule in hot chili peppers, called capsaicin.
Opening of the ion channel allows Ca2+ and Na+ to diffuse into the neuron, producing depolarization and resulting in action potentials that are transmitted to the CNS and perceived as heat and pain.

55. The two-point touch threshold, a measure of “tactile acuity” is greatest in regions such as the ______________s, which allows experienced Braille readers to scan words faster than people whose vision is not impaired.

56. The two-point touch threshold, a measure of “tactile acuity” is greatest in regions such as the fingertips, which allows experienced Braille readers to scan words faster than people whose vision is not impaired.

57. Smell is also called _________________.

58. Smell is also called olfaction.

59. There are approximately _________________ different olfactory receptors that each detect different odorant molecules.

60. There are approximately _________380_____ different olfactory receptors that each detect different odorant molecules.

61. Smell receptors are associated with G proteins
Smell receptors are associated with G proteins. When the odorant molecule binds to the receptor, G proteins dissociate. It is thought that the amount of G proteins that dissociate might explain the ___________ ___________to small amounts of a molecule (such as a billionth of an ounce of perfume in the air).

62. Smell receptors are associated with G proteins
Smell receptors are associated with G proteins. When the odorant molecule binds to the receptor, G proteins dissociate. It is thought that the amount of G proteins that dissociate might explain the extreme sensitivity to small amounts of a molecule (such as a billionth of an ounce of perfume in the air).

63. Unlike other sensory modalities that are first sent to the thalamus and from there relayed to the cerebral cortex, the sense of _______________ is transmitted directly to the cerebral cortex.

64. Unlike other sensory modalities that are first sent to the thalamus and from there relayed to the cerebral cortex, the sense of smell is transmitted directly to the cerebral cortex.
Olfactory
bulb
Olfactory bulb
Mitral cell
(secondary neuron)
Interneurons
Olfactory tract
Tufted cell
(secondary neuron)
Glomeruli
Cribriform
plate of
ethmoid bone
Olfactory
receptor
neurons
Fig. 10.9
Columnar
epithelium
Nasal cavity
Cilia

65. The part of the ear responsible for equilibrium is the _______________ _______________, whereas the ___________________ is used for hearing.

66. The part of the ear responsible for equilibrium is the vestibular apparatus whereas the cochlea is used for hearing.
Anterior canal
Posterior
canal
Vestibular
nerve
Ampulla
Auditory
nerve
Lateral
canal
Cochlea
Utricle
Saccule

67. The _____________ detects horizontal acceleration, whereas the ______________ detects vertical acceleration. Both are called ________________ organs.

68. The utricle detects horizontal acceleration, whereas the saccule detects vertical acceleration. Both are called otolith organs.
Fig
Semicircular canals:
Semicircular ducts of the
membranous labyrinth
Anterior
Posterior
Lateral
Utricle
Saccule
Cochlear
nerve
Vestibule
Cochlea
Membranous
ampullae:
Cochlear
duct
Anterior
Lateral
Posterior
Connection to
cochlear duct
Apex of cochlea

69. A sense of angular acceleration is provided by the _______________ ______________.

70. A sense of angular acceleration is provided by the semicircular canals.

71. a: © Cheryl Power/Science Source
Explain this picture:
Kinocilium
Stereocilia
Cell membrane
At rest
(a)
(b)
Membrane
depressed
Action potential
frequency decreased
Action potential
frequency increased
Stimulated
Inhibited
(c)
(d)
a: © Cheryl Power/Science Source

72. a: © Cheryl Power/Science Source
Explain this picture: When the hair cells are bent towards the kinocilium, an action potential is sent to the VC nerve (re: equilibrium). When the hair cells are bent away from the kinocilium, an action potential is not sent.
Kinocilium
Stereocilia
Cell membrane
At rest
(a)
(b)
Membrane
depressed
Action potential
frequency decreased
Action potential
frequency increased
Stimulated
Inhibited
(c)
(d)
a: © Cheryl Power/Science Source

73. EXPLAIN THIS PICTURE Fig. 10.15 Otoliths Otolithic membrane Sensory
axons
Fig
Hair cell
Supporting cell
(a) Head upright
Stereocilia of hair
cell bands stimulating
neurons
Otolithic membrane
sags
Gravitational force
(b) Head bent forward

74. EXPLAIN THIS PICTURE: The otolith organs contain crystals of calcium carbonate that move in response to motion. The crystals bend the hair cells, generating an action potential that is sent to the VC nerve.
Otoliths
Otolithic
membrane
Sensory
axons
Fig
Hair cell
Supporting cell
(a) Head upright
Stereocilia of hair
cell bands stimulating
neurons
Otolithic membrane
sags
Gravitational force
(b) Head bent forward

75. EXPLAIN THIS PICTURE (a) Endolymph in semicircular canal Cupula Hair
cells
Sensory
nerve fibers
Supporting
cells
(b)
Movement of
endolymph
bends cupula

76. EXPLAIN THIS PICTURE: rotation causes bending of the hair cells of the ampulla cristillaris (due to movement of cupula). K+ enters sensory fibers, stimulating an action potential.
(a)
Endolymph in
semicircular canal
Cupula
Hair
cells
Sensory
nerve fibers
Supporting
cells
(b)
Movement of
endolymph
bends cupula

77. In the vestibular apparatus, the endolymph is high in ________, and therefore it is this ion that stimulates an action potential when channels are opened, (as opposed to the influx of ions like Na+ and Cl-)

78. In the vestibular apparatus, the endolymph is high in K+, and therefore it is this ion that stimulates an action potential when channels are opened, (as opposed to the influx of ions like Na+ and Cl-)

79. In our lab, when we looked at a red spot for a long period of time and then we looked at a white sheet of paper, what did we see?

80. In our lab, when we looked at a red spot for a long period of time and then we looked at a white sheet of paper, what did we see? Most likely a spot of a different color (of colors whose photoreceptors had not been bleached).

81. Explain this picture (Fig. 10.28)
Postganglionic
sympathetic
axon
In dim light
From superior
cervical
ganglion
Radially arranged smooth
muscle fibers of the iris
Circularly arranged
smooth muscle fibers of
the iris
In normal light
Pupil
Ciliary
ganglion
From
oculomotor
nerve
In bright light
Postganglionic
parasympathetic
axon

82. Explain this picture:
Postganglionic
sympathetic
axon
In dim light
From superior
cervical
ganglion
Dim light – radial smooth muscle contract due to sympathetic stimulation, pupil dilates.
Radially arranged smooth
muscle fibers of the iris
Circularly arranged
smooth muscle fibers of
the iris
In normal light
Pupil
Normal light BOTH– radial fibers – for dilation (symp); circular fibers – for constriction (parasymp).
Ciliary
ganglion
From
oculomotor
nerve
In bright light
Postganglionic
parasympathetic
axon
Bright light –circular fibers constrict (parasymp).

83. DEFINE: accommodation

84. DEFINE: accommodation – the ability of the eyes to keep the image focused on the retina as the distance between the eyes and the object varies.
Accommodation is due to the muscles that pull on the lens, which is involved in focusing.

85. Define: refraction

86. Define: refraction
Refraction is the differential bending of light when it passes through substances of different densities, such as air, the cornea, or the lens.

87. Define: astigmatism

88. Define: astigmatism Astigmatism refers to a blurry vision when light enters the eye from different areas. This is due to the unequal curvature of the cornea and/or lens so that light does not always focus on the retina.

89. CH 10
Food that is salty causes ________ to enter gustatory cells and stimulate the release of a neurotransmitter.

90. CH 10
Food that is salty causes ____Na+_ to enter gustatory cells and stimulate the release of a neurotransmitter.

91. Binds to membrane receptors
Which category of tissue do these cells fall into? E.g. nervous, connective, epithelial, muscle.
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Salty
Sour
Sweet and Umami
Bitter
Na+ through ion channel
H+ through ion channel
(and other effects)
Binds to membrane receptors
for sweet or umami
Binds to membrane
receptor
Na+ + H+ +
Sugars or
amino
acids
Quinine
G-proteins
G-proteins
Depolarization
Depolarization + +
Second
messenger
Second
messenger
Close K+
channels
Opens
Ca2+
channels + +
Opens
Ca2+
channels + + + + + + + +
Ca2+ released from
endoplasmic
reticulum x +
Ca2+
Depolarization
Ca2+
Ca2+
Ca2+
Ca2+ +
Neurotransmitter
released
Neurotransmitter
released
Neurotransmitter
released
Neurotransmitter
released
Sensory neuron stimulated
Sensory neuron stimulated
Sensory neuron stimulated
Sensory neuron stimulated
Fig. 10.8

92. Binds to membrane receptors
Which category of tissue do these cells fall into? E.g. nervous, connective, epithelial, muscle.
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Salty
Sour
Sweet and Umami
Bitter
Na+ through ion channel
H+ through ion channel
(and other effects)
Binds to membrane receptors
for sweet or umami
Binds to membrane
receptor
Na+ + H+ +
Sugars or
amino
acids
Quinine
G-proteins
G-proteins
Depolarization
Depolarization + +
Second
messenger
Second
messenger
Close K+
channels
Opens
Ca2+
channels + +
Opens
Ca2+
channels + + + + + + + +
Ca2+ released from
endoplasmic
reticulum x +
Ca2+
Depolarization
Ca2+
Ca2+
Ca2+
Ca2+ +
Neurotransmitter
released
Neurotransmitter
released
Neurotransmitter
released
Neurotransmitter
released
Sensory neuron stimulated
Sensory neuron stimulated
Sensory neuron stimulated
Sensory neuron stimulated
Fig. 10.8