1. Macromolecules Overview
Molecules of Life
C H O N P

2. Carbohydrates Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
In a 1:2:1 ratio CH20
It’s building block is a Monosaccharide or simple sugar (glucose: C6H12O6)
Put many monosaccharides together and you get a polysaccharide
Provides our main source of energy (glucose; glycogen, starch)
also for structural components (i.e..cell walls)
Names of carbohydrates often end in -ose
(glucose, fructose, lactose, galactose, cellulose)
Examples of carbohydrates; fruits, vegetables, breads, grains
In the body we can find carbohydrates in
the form of glucose in the blood stream and in the cytoplasm of cells,
stored as glycogen in muscle and liver cells,
also attached to cell membranes for cell recognition

3. Prior Knowledge – connection with Ecology
Carbon Cycle
WaterCycle

4. Lipids Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
H is present in much greater quantities than O (CH>O; C18H34O3)
It is made of a Glycerol molecule and 3 chains of Fatty Acids
Can be saturated or unsaturated
Provides our long term energy storage, component of biological membranes, act as chemical messengers and water proofing.
Examples of lipids: fat, oil, wax, steroids
In the body we can find lipids in the form of:
the bilipid layer of every single cell membrane
deposited into adipose (fat) tissue
Ear wax

5. Proteins Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
Held together by Peptide bonds (Proteins = Peptide Bonds)
It’s building block is an Amino Acid
Proteins can vary in:
Number of amino acids
Types of amino acids
Sequence of amino acids
Shape of amino acids
Protein structure:
Primary structure - a chain of amino acids
Secondary structure - chains linked by hydrogen bonds causing helixes and pleated sheets
Tertiary structure - certain attractions between helixes and pleated sheets
Quaternary structure - consists of more than one amino acid chain
Functions: control the rate of reactions, regulate cellular processes, fight diseases, and form bones and muscles
Names of protein often end in either -in OR -ase
(Hemoglobin, Insulin; OR lactase, protease, lipase)
Examples of sources of protein: eggs, meat, cheese, yogurt, legumes, tofu (soy)
In the body we can find protein in muscles and organs, as antibodies, enzymes

6. Prior Knowledge – connection with Ecology

7. Nucleic Acids
Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus
It’s building block is a Nucleotide
Phosphate
5 Carbon Sugar
Nitrogenous Base
Function: store and transmit genetic information
Two types of Nucleic Acids are:
DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid
RNA - Ribonucleic Acid
In the nucleus of plant and animal cells, also found in the mitochondria and chloroplasts, and floating in the cytoplasm of bacteria

8. Prior Knowledge – connection with Ecology

9. T/F - RNA molecules are made of nucleotides?
Has a 5-Carbon sugar, phosphate, nitrogen
4 Groups of macromolecules
starch
T/F - simple sugars are made of polysaccharides?
Basic unit of a macromolecule
Store energy, membranes, chemical messenger
Amino Acids
T/F - Glycerol is made of fatty acids?
monosaccharides
Glucose,galactose, fructose
Organic compounds
Glycerol & fatty acids
Carbon & Hydrogen
Amino acids are to protein as…
Immediate energy
Ratio of 1:2:1
T/F - Amino Acids are made of proteins?
Control rxn’s, regulate processes,
Fight disease, build muscle & bone
RNA / DNA