1. CLIMATE AND WEATHER
Is there a difference?

2. What determines climate?
Amount of solar radiation (sunlight)
Amount of rainfall.

3. CLIMATE
Climate: The average weather conditions over a large geographic area over a long period of time.
Global climate change graph

4. WEATHER
Weather: Local or short-term conditions over a small geographic area.

5. Climate Conditions for Patchogue, LI
Weather vs. Climate
Climate =
Average conditions of an area
“WHAT YOU EXPECT!”
Climate Conditions for Patchogue, LI
Weather =
Condition of the atmosphere from day to day
“WHAT YOU GET!”

6. Factors that Affect Heating (Temperature)
Angle (Height in the sky) of the Sun
Duration (Time) of the Sun
June 21st Path: MORE HEAT
Sun is out longer and is higher in the sky
More direct angle
Less direct angle
Dec. 21st Path: LESS HEAT
Sun is not out as long and is lower in the sky

7. The climate in these areas is warm in the
The winters are very cold and the summers cool to cold.
The climate in these areas is warm in the
summer and cold in the winter.
This area has hot
climates all year long.

8. DO NOW
How does the angle of the suns rays affect the temperature of the earth?
The smaller the angle the less heat
Which angle provides the most solar radiation?
90 degrees
What are the three climate zones called?
Polar, temperate, tropical

9. Climate zones based on Rainfall
Water Budget: The amount of water entering, being stored and leaving a region.
Water entering (P)
Water leaving (Ep)
The ratio of P/Ep describes the water budget

10. Zones based on Water Budget
Arid: Very dry. P/Ep ratio is less than 0.4
Semiarid: “Kind of” dry. P/Ep
Subhumid: “below” humid. P/Ep
Humid: Wet. P/Ep over 1.2

12. How would you describe the climate at each of the following?
1. Desert:
Tropical Arid
2. Rainforest:
Tropical Humid
Long Island
Temperate subhumid
Antartica:
Polar Arid

13. Temperature and Moisture
Affects on Moisture:
Temperature
Warmer = Hold More Water
Air Molecules are Farther Apart
Same Amount of Water
HIGHER RELATIVE HUMIDITY
LOWER RELATIVE HUMIDITY
Smaller Space
Larger Space

14. Weather includes: Temperature Rainfall (precipitation) Wind
Cloud cover

15. What causes weather? The uneven heating of the Earth’s surface.
This creates density differences in the air creating Convection currents.

16. Meteorologists

17. DO NOW
Weather is caused by the ______________ heating of the earth’s surface.
Changes in __________ cause hot air to rise/fall and cold air to rise/fall.
What factors include weather?

18. Moist air rises at the Earth’s equator
It cools as it rises, cool air holds less
Moisture so it dumps moisture on the
Equator.
The cool air divides north and south
It falls at the tropic of Capricorn and the
Tropic of Cancer.
As this air drops it warms and is able to
Hold more moisture therefore it does not
rain and these areas are very dry.

19. How does the earth’s rotation affect wind?
Objects moving away from the equator curve eastward; objects moving towards the equator curve westward. Moving away from the equator, the land underneath rotates more slowly, and vice-versa.

20. Coriolis Effect
Wind is deflected by the rotation of the earth. (The earth rotates from west to east.)
Northern Hemisphere: to the right
Southern Hemisphere: to the left
The earth rotates faster at the equator than at the poles.

21. DO NOW How does the angle affect the concentration of light?
Smaller angle, less concentrated.
What affect do you think a smaller angle will have on temperature?
Smaller angle, cooler

22. Explain why latitudes further from the equator have cooler climates.
Exit Pass
Explain why latitudes further from the equator have cooler climates.
**Include the energy and angle of the Sun in your answer. 29

23. 1. Temperature = = Heat moves from where it’s HOT to where it’s NOT!
Measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules or a substance
More Kinetic Energy =
Faster Molecular Movement
Less Kinetic Energy
Slower Molecular Movement =
Heat moves from where it’s HOT
to where it’s NOT!

24. Absorption and Reflection of Heat
White and Smooth =
Dark and Rough =
REFLECTS
ABSORBS
Dark/Rough Roof
Light/Smooth Roof

25. WATER HAS A HIGHER SPECIFIC HEAT!
Specific Heats
Specific Heats
Land vs. Water
Land heats/cools quicker
Water heats/cools slower
LAND
WATER
REMEMBER:
WATER HAS A HIGHER SPECIFIC HEAT!

26. Sea Breeze and Land Breeze
Less Dense
More Dense
Less Dense
More Dense
What are sea and land breezes caused by?
Density Differences caused by different Specific Heats!

27. What factors affect temperature?
Time of year, how high the sun is.
Sun is higher in summer, lower in winter
Water takes longer to heat and cool. Water has a higher specific heat.
Altitude decreases temperature.

28. Weather forecasting
Meteorologists use weather stations located around the world to study weather.
Weather satellites orbit the earth collecting data that is sent to the stations.

29. Weather Maps
Weather maps are created using all the data collected. They show:
temperature
wind speed
barometric pressure
humidity
What is humidity?

30. Humidity How much moisture is in the air.
High humidity is very damp, moist air.
Low humidity is very dry air.

31. Barometric Pressure
The force exerted on a surface by the weight of the air above.
A barometer is used to measure air pressure.

32. Pressure Weight of the atmosphere Affects on Pressure:
Most Pressure = Troposphere
Affects on Pressure:
Altitude
Temperature
Moisture

33. What does a barometer tell us?
Warm, moist air is less dense than cool, dry air, therefore:
Will warm air exert more or less pressure than cool air?

34. Less Pressure! So, a low pressure system will have warm, moist air.
A high pressure system will have cool, dry air.

35. FALLING BAROMETER = RAINY WEATHER
More Altitude = Less Pressure
Greater Temperature = Less Pressure
More Moisture = Less Pressure
LOW PRESSURES:
Warmer
More Moisture
Couterclockwise and Inward L
FALLING BAROMETER = RAINY WEATHER

36. RISING BAROMETER = FAIR WEATHER
Less Altitude = More Pressure
Lower Temperature = More Pressure
Less Moisture = More Pressure
HIGH PRESSURES:
Cooler
Less Moisture
Clockwise and Outward H
RISING BAROMETER = FAIR WEATHER

37. High vs. Low Pressures LOW PRESSURE: HIGH PRESSURE:
AIR RISES forming clouds (condensation) and precipitation
HIGH PRESSURE:
AIR SINKS causing drier, calmer weather
= LESS Pushing Down
= MORE Pushing Down

38. Altitude and Pressure Sea Level = 100 ; Tropopause = 10-1
Pressure Decreases as Altitude Increases
Sea Level = 100 ; Tropopause = 10-1

40. Isolines Isoline: Connects points of equal value Isotherm:
Connects points of equal temperature
Isobar:
Connects points of equal pressure

41. Predicting Weather
Studying a series of weather maps show patterns in the weather.
This is how predictions are made. (which are only sometimes correct!)
Computer models have made weather prediction easier and more accurate.

42. Air Masses
Meteorologists study the motion of air masses to help forecast the weather.
Air Mass: A large area of air with similar characteristics.
What might an air mass over the ocean be like?

43. Moist While an air mass over a desert will be dry.
Maritime: An air mass over the water.
Continental: An air mass over land.

44. An air mass in the north will have cold air and an air mass in the south will have warm air.
Arctic: Cold air mass
Tropical: Warm air mass
Polar: Not as far north as arctic

45. FALLING BAROMETER = RAINY WEATHER
More Altitude = Less Pressure
Greater Temperature = Less Pressure
More Moisture = Less Pressure
LOW PRESSURES:
Warmer
More Moisture
Couterclockwise and Inward L
FALLING BAROMETER = RAINY WEATHER

46. RISING BAROMETER = FAIR WEATHER
Less Altitude = More Pressure
Lower Temperature = More Pressure
Less Moisture = More Pressure
HIGH PRESSURES:
Cooler
Less Moisture
Clockwise and Outward H
RISING BAROMETER = FAIR WEATHER

47. DO NOW What is an air mass?
A large area of air with similar characteristics.
Describe the following air masses mT cT mP cP

49. Weather Front Where two air masses meet.
Often associated with weather changes with precipitation.

50. Cold Front Forms when a cold air mass meets a warm air mass.
Since the cold air mass is more dense than the warm mass, it pushes the warmer air up.
The moisture in the warm air condenses forming clouds and often thunderstorms.

52. Warm Front Occurs when warm air catches up with cold air.
The less dense warm air glides over the cold air.
This happens slower and may be associated with light rain if there is enough moisture.

54. Occluded Front
When a cold front quickly takes over a warm front lifting it quickly.
This causes a large amount of precipitation.

56. Stationary Front
A cold front and a warm front meet, but move very slowly.
This can last for a long time until another air mass moves it.

59. Atmosphere Video