1. Human Anatomy and Physiology Unit 4
The Skeletal System
Human Anatomy and Physiology
Unit 4

2. Objectives: Define all vocabulary words. [BLM 1]
List and describe the major functions of the skeletal system. [BLM 1, 2]
Describe the various types of bone tissues and their locations. [BLM 2]
Classify bones by shape and type of bone tissue, and give examples of each type of bone in the human body. [BLM 2 - 4]
Sketch and label a diagram of the gross anatomy of a long bone. [BLM 3]
Explain the process of bone growth and development in humans. Include the terms in your explanation: ossification, cartilage, osteoblast, chondroblast, chondroclast, growth plate, growth line. [BLM 2 – 3]
List and describe the two major divisions of the skeletal system and the bones which compose each. [BLM 1 – 3]
Identify the name and location of the various bones in the human body through visual examination. [BLM 4]
Describe the symptoms, causative agent, affected areas, and prognosis for various diseases of the skeletal system (types of fractures, osteoporosis, rickets, bursitis, osteoarthritis, bunions, gouty arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis). [BLM 1 – 4]

3. Contents Functions of the Skeletal System Types of Bone Tissue
Bone Cell Types
Classification of Bones by Shape
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Bone Growth and Development
Divisions of the Skeleton
Axial
Appendicular
Articulation: Joints
Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System

4. 1. Functions of the Skeletal System
Support of the body
Protection of soft organs
Movement – due to attached skeletal muscles
Storage of minerals and fats
Blood cell formation

5. 2. Types of Bone Tissue
The skeleton has a total of 206 bones
Two basic types of bone tissue:
Compact bone
Homogeneous
Located on the
outside surface

6. 2. Types of Bone Tissue
Spongy bone (cancellous) has:
Small needle-like pieces of bone (trabeculae)
Many open spaces
Where marrow is located

7. Contents Functions of the Skeletal System Types of Bone Tissue
Bone Cell Types
Classification of Bones by Shape
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Bone Growth and Development
Divisions of the Skeleton
Axial
Appendicular
Articulation: Joints
Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System

8. 3. Bone Cell Types
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells surrounded by matrix
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells produce new matrix
Osteoclasts
Bone-destroying cells
Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium

9. 4. Bone Cell Types
Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
During your life span your skeleton is broken down and rebuilt completely on the average of seven times!

10. Contents Functions of the Skeletal System Types of Bone Tissue
Bone Cell Types
Classification of Bones by Shape
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Bone Growth and Development
Divisions of the Skeleton
Axial
Appendicular
Articulation: Joints
Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System

11. 5. Classification of Bones by Shape
Long bones
Typically longer than wide
Have a shaft (long, central cylinder), with heads at both ends
Contain mostly compact bone, with spongy bone at the heads
Examples: Femur, humerus

12. 5. Classification of Bones by Shape
Short bones
Generally cube-shaped
Contain mostly spongy bone
Examples: Carpals, tarsals
(wrist bones)

13. 5. Classification of Bones by Shape
Flat bones
Thin and flattened
Usually curved
Thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone
Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum

14. 5. Classification of Bones by Shape
Irregular bones
Irregular shape(s)
Usually with projections (processes) or openings (foramen)
Do not fit into other bone shape classification categories
Spongy bone surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone
Example: Vertebrae and hip

15. 5. Classification of Bones by Shape
Sesamoid bones:
These are bones that are imbedded in ligaments and are not directly attached to other bones.
Spongy bone surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone
Example: Patella (knee cap)

16. 5. Classification of Bones by Shape

17. Daily assignments
Classwork (10 points)
Homework (10 points)
WKST 4.1: BONE SHAPE AND TYPES, SKETCHES AND DIAGRAMS
ANSWER OBJ#2 AND DEFINE VOCABULARY 1-10 IN YOUR NOTEBOOK

18. Contents Functions of the Skeletal System Types of Bone Tissue
Bone Cell Types
Classification of Bones by Shape
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Bone Growth and Development
Divisions of the Skeleton
Axial
Appendicular
Articulation: Joints
Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System

19. Gross anatomy of a long bone

20. 6. Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Diaphysis
Shaft
Composed of compact bone
Epiphysis
Ends of the bone
Composed mostly of spongy bone

21. 6. Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Medullary cavity
Cavity of the shaft
Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants

22. 6. Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Articular cartilage
Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
Made of hyaline cartilage
Decreases friction at joint surfaces

23. 6. Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Periosteum
Outside covering of the diaphysis
Fibrous connective tissue membrane
Sharpey’s fibers
Secure periosteum to underlying bone
Endosteum
Inner lining of the medullary cavity

24. 6. Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Arteries, veins, nerves
Supply bone cells with nutrients
Remove waste materials
Allows the bone to be sensitive to stress
Found in the Haversian and Volkman canal systems within the compact bone.

25. Contents Functions of the Skeletal System Types of Bone Tissue
Bone Cell Types
Classification of Bones by Shape
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Bone Growth and Development
Divisions of the Skeleton
Axial
Appendicular
Articulation: Joints
Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System

26. Watch the video!

27. 7. Bone Development and Growth
In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage
During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone in a process called ossification.
Cartilage remains in isolated areas
Bridge of the nose
Parts of ribs
Joints

28. 7. Bone Development and Growth
Epiphyseal plates or growth plates
allow for growth of long bone during childhood
New cartilage is continuously formed
Older cartilage becomes ossified
Cartilage is broken down
Bone replaces cartilage
This growth plate is also involved with the repair of broken bone
As you mature this plate eventually goes away and this is why the elderly bones take so long to heal, if they ever do.
What cell type is this?

29. 7. Bone Development and Growth
Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops
Bones change shape somewhat
Bones grow in width

30. 7. Bone Development and Growth

31. Watch the video!

32. Contents Functions of the Skeletal System Types of Bone Tissue
Bone Cell Types
Classification of Bones by Shape
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Bone Growth and Development
Divisions of the Skeleton
Axial
Appendicular
Articulation: Joints
Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System

33. 8. Divisions of the Skeleton
The Skeleton is divided into two major regions:
A. Axial Skeleton
B. Appendicular Skeleton
A. The Axial Skeleton forms the longitudinal part of the body
Divided into three parts
Skull
Vertebral column
Bony thorax

34. 8. Divisions of the Skeleton
B. The Appendicular Skeleton is composed of the appendages and the joints which attach them to the axial skeleton
Limbs (appendages)
Pectoral girdle (shoulder: scapula, and clavicle)
Pelvic girdle (pelvis)

36. 8. Divisions of the Skeleton

37. Assignment -10/28/16
Color code the axial and appendicular part of the skeleton

38. Contents Functions of the Skeletal System Types of Bone Tissue
Bone Cell Types
Classification of Bones by Shape
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Bone Growth and Development
Divisions of the Skeleton
Axial
Appendicular
Articulation: Joints
Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System

39. 8A. Axial Skeleton: The Skull
Two sets of bones
Cranium
Facial bones
Bones are joined by sutures (fixed, non- movable joints)
Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint

40. Head Bone Song: Listen to the song to remember the names of skull bones

41. 8A. Axial Skeleton: The Skull
Sagittal suture

42. 8A. Axial Skeleton: The Skull

43. 8A. Axial Skeleton: The Skull

44. Quizlet link: Bones of the skull

45. Labelling activity: Try this out!It’s FUN!
ges/Skull_Quiz/index.html

46. Assignment - 10/28/16
Skull Coloring packet Extra credit- Crossword puzzle! (only when you finish the daily assignment)

47. 8A. Axial Skeleton: Hyoid Bone
The only bone that does not articulate with another bone
Serves as a moveable base for the tongue

48. 8A. Axial Skeleton: Anterior Thorax
Forms a cage to protect major organs: heart and lungs
Made up of three parts
1. Sternum (anterior connection)
2. Ribs
True ribs (pairs 1 – 7)
False ribs (pairs 8 – 12)
Floating ribs (pairs 11 – 12)
Thoracic vertebrae (posterior connection)
The general shape of the thoracic cage is cone shaped 7

49. T1 vertebra Jugular notch Clavicular notch Manubrium Sternal angle
Body
Sternum
Xiphisternal
joint
True
ribs
(1 –7)
Xiphoid
process
False
ribs
(8 –12)
Intercostal
spaces L1
Vertebra
Costal cartilage
Floating
ribs (11, 12)
(a)
Figure 5.22a

50. T2 Jugular notch T3 T4 Sternal angle Heart Xiphisternal T9 joint (b)
Figure 5.22b

51. 8A. Axial Skeleton: Vertebral Column
Vertebrae are separated by intervertebral discs composed of fibrocartilage
The spine has a normal curvature
Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location

52. 8A. Axial Skeleton: Vertebral Column
Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location
There are 24 single vertebral bones separated by intervertebral discs
Seven cervical vertebrae are in the neck
Twelve thoracic vertebrae are in the chest region
Five lumbar vertebrae are associated with the lower back
Nine vertebrae fuse to form two composite bones
Sacrum
Coccyx

53. 8A. Axial Skeleton: Vertebral Column
Cervical Spine
Concave
7 vertebrae, C1–C7
Thoracic Spine
Convex
12 vertebrae, T1–T12
Lumbar Spine
5 vertebrae, L1–L5

54. 8A. Axial Skeleton: Vertebral Column
Sacrum
Convex
5 fused vertebrae
Coccyx
4 fused vertebrae

55. 8A. Axial Skeleton: Vertebral Column

56. Contents Functions of the Skeletal System Types of Bone Tissue
Bone Cell Types
Classification of Bones by Shape
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Bone Growth and Development
Divisions of the Skeleton
Axial
Appendicular
Articulation: Joints
Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System

57. 8B. The Appendicular Skeleton
Composed of 126 bones
Limbs (appendages)
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle

58. Figure 5.8a Cranium Skull Facial bones Clavicle Thoracic cage Scapula
(ribs and
sternum)
Scapula
Sternum
Rib
Humerus
Vertebra
Vertebral
column
Radius
Ulna
Sacrum
Carpals
Phalanges
Metacarpals
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
(a) Anterior view
Figure 5.8a

59. Figure 5.8b Cranium Bones of pectoral girdle Clavicle Scapula Upper
limb
Rib
Humerus
Vertebra
Radius
Bones of
pelvic
girdle
Ulna
Carpals
Phalanges
Metacarpals
Femur
Lower
limb
Tibia
Fibula
(b) Posterior view
Figure 5.8b

60. 8B. Appendicular Skeleton: Pectoral Girdle
Composed of two bones
Clavicle – collarbone
Scapula – shoulder blade
These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement

61. 8B. Appendicular Skeleton: Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder)

62. 8B. Appendicular Skeleton: Brachium Region
The (upper) arm is formed by a single bone
The humerus

63. 8B. Appendicular Skeleton: Antebrachium Region
The forearm has two bones
Ulna (side adjacent to little finger)
Radius (side adjacent to thumb)

64. 8B. Appendicular Skeleton: Carpus, Manus, and Digits Region
The hand
Carpals – wrist
Eight bones arranged in two rows of four bones in each hand
Metacarpals – palm
Five per hand
Phalanges – fingers
Fourteen phalanges in each hand
In each finger, there are three bones
In the thumb, there are only two bones

65. Distal Middle Phalanges (fingers) Proximal 3 2 4 Metacarpals (palm) 51
Hamate
Trapezium
Carpals (wrist)
Pisiform
Trapezoid
Triquetrum
Scaphoid
Lunate
Capitate
Ulna
Radius
Figure 5.25

66. 8B. Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvic Girdle
Hip bones:
Composed of three pair of fused bones
Ilium
Ischium
Pubic bone
Pelvic girdle =
2 coxal bones
+ sacrum

67. 8B. Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvic Girdle
The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
Protects several organs
Reproductive organs
Urinary bladder
Part of the large intestine

68. 8B. Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvic Girdle
The sacrum and coccyx are part of the
axial skeleton NOT the appendicular skeleton.

69. 8B. Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvic Girdle Coxal Bone Structure

70. 8B. Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvic Girdle Male and Female Pelvis Comparison
The female inlet is larger and more circular
The female pelvis as a whole is shallower, and the bones are lighter and thinner
The female ilia flare more laterally
The female sacrum is shorter and less curved
The female ischial spines are shorter and farther apart; thus the outlet is larger
The female pubic arch is more rounded because the angle of the pubic arch is greater

71. 8B. Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvic Girdle Male and Female Pelvis Comparison

72. 8B. Appendicular Skeleton: Femoral Region
The thigh has one bone
Femur – thigh bone
The heaviest, strongest bone in the body

73. 8B. Appendicular Skeleton: Patellar and Crural Regions
The leg has two bones
Tibia –
Shinbone; larger and medial
Fibula –
Thin and sticklike; lateral to the tibia.
Has no role in forming the knee joint

74. 8B. Appendicular Skeleton: Tarsal, Pes, and Digits Regions
The Foot
Tarsus – ankle
Seven bones
Two largest tarsals:
Calcaneus (heel bone)
Talus
Metatarsals – sole
five bones form the sole of the foot
Phalanges – toes
fourteen bones form the toes

75. Bone Songs and resources
96&CategoryID=2554

76. Contents Functions of the Skeletal System Types of Bone Tissue
Bone Cell Types
Classification of Bones by Shape
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Bone Growth and Development
Divisions of the Skeleton
Axial
Appendicular
Articulation: Joints (powerpoint 4.1)
Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System

77. Contents Functions of the Skeletal System Types of Bone Tissue
Bone Cell Types
Classification of Bones by Shape
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Bone Growth and Development
Divisions of the Skeleton
Axial
Appendicular
Articulation: Joints
Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System

78. 10. Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System: Fractures
A fracture is a break in a bone
Types of bone fractures
Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin
Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin
Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization (ex. a cast)
Realignment of the bone

79. Closed vs open reduction
Closed reduction is a procedure for putting the pieces of a broken bone (realignment) back into the right position without surgery (Nonsurgical). Open reduction is where the fracture fragments are exposed surgically by dissecting the tissues to realign them.

80. 10. Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System: Fractures

81. 10. Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System: Fractures
Compound Fracture - tibia and fibula
Simple Greenstick - radius

82. 10. Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System: Fractures
Simple Complete - fibula
Comminuted Fracture - radius

83. 10. Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System: Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis: This illness afflict both men and women but it is most common in post menopausal women.
The bone tissue becomes brittle and breaks easily with little applied stress.
Due to loss of calcium from the bone matrix.

84. 10. Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System: Rickets
Rickets: Rickets is a disease associated with a deficiency of vitamin D in the diet.
It prevents the body from absorbing calcium needed for the formation of strong, bone matrix.
Typically the long bones are soft and bend under the stress from the weight of the body. It results in “bowed legs”.
This disease often affects children who are undernourished.

85. 10. Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System: Rickets
This disease often affects children who are undernourished.

86. 10. Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System: Bursitis
Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction

87. 10. Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System: “-itis"
Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths
Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints
Over 100 different types
The most widespread crippling disease in the United States

88. 10. Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System: Osteoarthritis
Most common chronic arthritis
Probably related to normal aging processes
Cartilage wears out and deteriorates between the bones at synovial joints.
Bones rub together produce stiffness and severe pain

89. 10. Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System
Rheumatoid arthritis
An autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints
Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints
Often leads to deformities
Can appear at any age
Often associated with lupus

90. 10. Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System
Gouty Arthritis
Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of sharp, needle-shaped urate crystals from the blood
These crystals cause pain in the area of build up
Can usually be controlled with diet by eating low fat foods and reducing alcohol consumption
Can be a symptom of untreated diabetes

91. 10. Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System: Bunions
A bunion, also called a hallux vagus, is a swelling of the joint between the big toe and the first metatarsal bone.
This causes the base of the big toe to project outwards and the tip to point inwards
Bunions are caused by the pressure of a tight shoe pressing against the joint; especially from pointed toe shoes.