1. The Reformation

2. Objective Understand why the Reformation developed
Understand the impact Martin Luther had on Western Civilization

3. St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican City
Why the Reformation?
Abuses of the Church
Indulgences- pardons for sins (used to build the dome of St. Peter’s basilica in Rome)
Simony
Relics
Renaissance Ideas
Humanism
Printing press-moveable type allowing ideas to spread
St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican City

4. Martin Luther German monk and priest
Became doctor of theology at the Wittenburg University
Challenged John Tetzel’s sale of indulgences in German lands
Wrote the 95 Thesis, or statements of opinion, listing the complaints Luther had with the Church
He did NOT want to hurt the Church, just reform it

6. The Response to Luther’s challenge
Pope Leo X (a member of the Medici family)
“God gave us the papacy—let us enjoy it”
Threatened to excommunicate Luther
Papal Bull of excommunication

7. “Here I Stand”: Diet of Worms, 1521
Emperor Charles V and Pope Leo X summon Luther to Worms to answer charges of heresy
Frederick the Wise obtained agreement of Luther’s safe passage to and from Worms
Will Luther recant?

9. After the Diet of Worms Charles V considers Luther an outlaw
Protected and hid at Wartburg castle in Saxony by Frederick the Wise
Allowed for the survival and further development of the Reformation and its ideas
Bible in the vernacular-original language
Bible is the ONLY true authority
Development of the Lutheran Church (Lutherans)

10. The Support of German Princes
Many princes in the North agreed with Luther…challenged Charles V/Catholic Church
Fighting between North and South
Protestants-protest of Catholic/Imperial actions
1530 Augsburg Confession
Written by Philip Melanchthon
Confesses the faith of all Lutherans…officially splits Western Christianity into two camps (Protestants and Catholics)

11. 1555 Peace of Augsburg Charles V and German princes agree on:
Catholic Prince = Catholic State
Lutheran Prince = Lutheran State

12. Impact of the Reformation
Split Western Europe into religious camps
Further stressed the importance of education
Catholic reform
Counter-Reformation: attempts of Catholic Church to reform from within
Council of Trent

13. Why was Luther so successful?
Luther’s determination to reform
The Printing Press rapidly spreading Luther’s ideas
The willingness of German princes to protect Luther allowing his ideas to spread

14. Reformation Timeline
1517- Martin Luther posts his 95 Thesis; speaking out against indulgences
1521- Luther’s trial at the Diet of Worms
1525- Peasants’ Revolt…thousands of peasants slaughtered
1530- Augsburg Confession written…provides articles of faith for “Lutherans”

15. Reformation Timeline
1534- Act of Supremacy in England…Henry VIII creates Church of England
1546- Luther dies
1555- Peace of Augsburg allowing Lutheran worship
1618- Thirty Years’ War
1648- Treaty of Westphalia…ends religious wars in Europe