1. Cell Organelles and Features

2. Organelles Plasma Membrane (Cell membrane) Centrioles Chloroplasts
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Golgi Apparatus
Vesicles
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Cytoskeleton
Centrioles
Chloroplasts

3. Plasma Membrane/Cell Membrane
Consists of a phospholipid bilayer and membrane proteins embedded within the phospholipid bilayer
Function:
Physically separates the cell from the environment
Acts as a barrier to allow only certain things to pass
It is comparable in function to human skin

4. Plasma Membrane/Cell Membrane

5. Cell Wall Rigid layer that lies outside the cell’s plasma membrane
Plant cell walls contain a carbohydrate called cellulose
Cellulose is embedded in a matrix of proteins and other carbohydrates
Pores in the cell wall allow water ions, and some molecules to enter and exit

6. Cell Wall

7. Cytoplasm Region of the cell within the plasma membrane
Includes the fluid portion of the cell and all of the organelles
Part of the cytoplasm that includes molecules and small particles but not membrane bound organelles is the CYTOSOL

8. Nucleus Control Center for the cell
Most functions for a cell are determined here
House’s and protects the cells genetic information
DNA
Site where DNA is transcribed into RNA

9. Nuclear Envelope Double membrane that surrounds the nucleus
Made up of two phospholipid bilayers
Protects the nucleus

10. Nucleolus Denser area inside the nucleus
Site where DNA is concentrated when it is in the process of making ribosomal RNA

11. Nucleus and Its Many Parts

12. Mitochondria
Tiny organelle that transfer energy from organic molecules to adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
ATP powers most of the cell’s chemical reactions
Has an inner and outer phospholipid membrane
Outer membrane separate the mitochondrion from the cytosol
Inner membrane has many folds called cristae

13. Mitochondria

14. Ribosomes Small, roughly spherical organelles
Responsible for building proteins
Made up of protein and RNA molecules
Some ribosomes are free in the cytosol and others are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

15. Ribosomes

16. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Sytem of membranous tubes and sacs, called cisternae
ER functions primarily as an intracellular highway
Two Types
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

17. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
System of interconnected, flattened sacs covered with ribosomes
Rough ER produces phospholipids and proteins
Ex) Digestive Enzymes and anti-body producing agents

18. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Lacks ribosomes
Most cells contain very little Smooth ER
Produces the steroid hormones estrogen and testosterone
Releases calcium, helps detoxify drugs and poisons

19. Golgi Apparatus/Bodies
Another system of flattened, membranous sacs
Processes and packages macromolecules such as proteins and lipids that are synthesized by the cell
More particular, the processing of proteins for secretion

20. Vacuole
Large, fluid filled organelle that stores not only water but also enzymes, metabolic wastes, and other materials
Can make up to 90% of a plant cell’s volume
Considered to be like a reservoir that stores large amounts of water

21. Vessicles
Small, spherically shaped sacs that are surrounded by a single membrane and are classified by their contents
Often migrate to and merge with plasma membrane
As they do, they release their contents to the outside of the cell

22. Lysosomes
Vesicles that bud from the Golgi Apparatus and that contain digestive enzymes
In liver, lysosomes break down glycogen in order to release glucose into the blood stream
Breaks down cells when it is time for them to die

23. Peroxisomes
Similar to lysosomes but contain different enzymes and are not produced by the Golgi Apparatus
Neutralize free radicals (oxygen ions that can damage the cell) and detoxify alcohol and other drugs
Also break down fatty acids, which the mitochondria use for energy sources

24. Cytoskeleton
Network of thin tubes and filaments that crisscross the cytosol
Give shape to the cell from the inside in the same way tent poles support the shape of a tent
Consist of Microtubules, Microfilaments, and Intermediate Filaments

25. Cytoskeleton

26. Centrioles
Consist of two short cylinders of microtubules at right angles to each other
Situated in the cytoplasm near the nuclear envelope
Occur in animal cells but not in plant cells
Organize the microtubules of the cytoskeleton during cell division

27. Chloroplasts
Use light energy to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water
Composed of membrane bound sacs called thylakoids
Thylakoids contain a green pigment called chlorophyll
Found in plants and in a wide variety of eukaryotic algae

28. Chloroplast

29. Cilia Organelle found in eukaryote cells
Hair-like structures that extend 5-10 micrometers from the cell body
Functions for movement or as a sensory appendage

30. Flagella
Tail-like structure that projects from the cell body of certain prokaryote and eukaryote cells
Main function is for movement

31. Nucleoid Found in prokaryotes
Irregularly shaped region where the genetic material is located