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JAPAN AND RUSSIA : INDUSTRIALIZATION OUTSIDE OF THE WEST

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Presentation on theme: "JAPAN AND RUSSIA : INDUSTRIALIZATION OUTSIDE OF THE WEST"— Presentation transcript:

1 JAPAN AND RUSSIA : INDUSTRIALIZATION OUTSIDE OF THE WEST
1850 – 1914

2 IMAGINING OPENING JAPAN

3 CHALLENGE TO ISOLATION
1853 American commodore Matthew Perry arrived Demanded that Japan be opened to trade 1856 Japan was forced to receive Western consuls Forced to open ports to foreign trade. Shogun faced immediate opposition Daimyos insisted on maintaining isolation Shogun and the daimyos both made appeals to the emperor Emperor began to emerge as a more powerful figure. Meiji Restoration Some among the samurai saw an opportunity to unseat the shogun In 1860s samurai armed with Western weapons defeated shogun's army In 1868, certain samurai restored imperial rule under Meiji Emperor

4 MEIJI STATE The Meiji government abolished feudalism 1884
Replaced the daimyo states with regional prefectures Government sent samurai abroad to study political, economic organization (Europe & America) Foreign observers were used to restructure the state Government abolished payments to samurai Some samurai fell into poverty others found avenues of employment in the government and business. Conscription provided a new army 1884 Government created a new nobility to staff a House of Peers Civil-service examinations were utilized to open the bureaucracy to men of talent.

5 1889 constitution Recognized the supremacy of the emperor
But gave limited powers to an elected lower house of representatives within the Diet. The new constitution was based on German models. Voting rights were determined by property qualifications Five percent of the population to cast ballots The form of government gave great authority to wealthy businessmen and nobles Political parties developed A small oligarchy continued to dominate the government into the 20th century Inclusion of businessmen among political elite was major difference from Russian model of reform

6 JAPAN’S INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The army and navy became very influential in society Many reforms were enacted to modernize the armed forces Foundations for industrialization Internal infrastructure was created Guilds and internal tariffs were abolished Clear title to land was granted to individuals

7 JAPAN’S INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Government Involvement Lack of capital dictated direct government involvement in the stages of industrialization. Japan established the Ministry of Industry in 1870 to oversee economic development The government built model factories to provide experience with new technology Education was extended as a means of developing a work force Private enterprise soon joined government initiatives, particularly in textiles Industrial combines or zaibatsus (monopolies) served to accumulate capital for major investment.

8 JAPAN’S INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Results Japan's careful management of industrialization limited foreign involvement. Japan continued to depend on the importation of equipment and raw materials from the West. Rapid growth depended on existence of cheap supply of labor often drawn from poorly paid women. More than Russia, Japan's industrialization depended on selling manufactured goods abroad.

9 COAL PRODUCTION IN JAPAN IN VARIOUS YEARS FROM 1875 TO 1913
Coal Production (metric tons) 1875 600,000 1885 1,200,000 1895 5,000,000 1905 13,000,000 1913 21,300,000 STATISTICS OF CHANGE RAILROAD MILEAGE IN JAPAN IN VARIOUS YEARS FROM 1873 TO 1913 Year Track (miles) 1872 18 1883 240 1887 640 1894 2100 1904 4700 1914 7100 RAW SILK PRODUCTION AND EXPORT FROM JAPAN 1868 TO 1913 Period Production annual average (tons) Exports annual average (tons) 1026 646 1883 1687 1347 4098 2444 7103 12460 9462 THE SIZE OF THE JAPANESE MERCHANT FLEET IN VARIOUS YEARS FROM 1873 TO 1913 Year Number of Steamships 1873 26 1894 169 1904 797 1913 1514

10 EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
Social change led to rapid population growth This strained Japanese resources but provided a ready supply of cheap labor. As industrialization progressed, population growth dropped off. Patriarchal households remained the norm but divorce rates indicated increasing instability within family life. The education system stressed science and loyalty to the emperor Westernization Western culture arrived along with models of state and industrialization. Shintoism as an expression of indigenous culture gained new popularity.

11 Foreign Policy Japan entered the race for colonial domination.
The need to employ the new army, the search for raw materials, and the desire to prevent Western encroachment all contributed to Japanese imperialism after 1890 Japan annexed the Ryuku Islands Japan won easy victories over China in 1895 and over Russia in 1904. The victories yielded Japan some territories in northern China In 1910, Japan annexed Korea

12 RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR

13 STRAINS OF MODERNIZATION
Industrialization and successful imperialism had costs Industrialization upended older traditions, social classes Change is not accepted easily Imperialism demanded a strong industrial base Japan made the decision to be a great power and that meant arming War industries tie up money in producing goods which have no benefit Money spent on war could not be invested elsewhere Unions, strikes arose in Japan and labor politics became part of industry Carefully contrived political balance became unwieldy Ministries were forced to call more frequent elections Few working majorities in the Diet Factions emerged in the Diet and old timers dominated proceedings Rise of Nationalism Conservatives appalled at trend to imitate the West. Intellectuals bemoaned loss of an authentic Japanese identity Both saw a Japan that was neither traditional nor Western. Leaders urged loyalty to the emperor and the nation. Nationalism became a strong force in Japanese politics.

14 IMAGES OF JAPANESE INDUSTRIALIZATION, WESTERNIZATION

15 COMPARING CHINA AND JAPAN
Comparisons in 1800 Similarities in 1800 Both had a Confucian culture, adopted a policy of relative isolation from contacts Both lagged behind west scientifically, industrially; forcibly opened by the West about the same time Differences China surpassed Japan in development Chinese Confucian leadership was stronger, more developed; government was secular, bureaucratic Chinese centralized government had no feudal lords to impeded or distract it China had a rich tradition of innovation and scientific discoveries

16 COMPARING CHINA AND JAPAN
So why did Japan succeed? China lacked flexibility: tried to squash or control innovation Japan knew benefits of innovation; had a strong autonomous mercantile tradition Japan’s feudalism produced a dedicated militaristic elite, limited centralization China hampered by rapid population growth which consumed energy, resources Japan was island nation open to maritime contacts, influences: learned from Chinese mistakes Japanese government suffered no breakdown of authority even during Meiji Restoration Or Did China fail? Chinese government less efficient, less popular as dynasty was in decline; intellectual life stifled West fixated on China first as it was a greater prize Western contacts only worsened internal situation and made reform, control difficult Sino-Japanese War 1894 – 1895 proved Japan learned its lessons from the West

17 MAPPING RUSSIA

18 RUSSIA BEFORE REFORM Russian leaders in the 18th and early 19th centuries Isolated Russia from European revolution, Napoleon; completed shift to conservatism Tsar Alexander I sponsored Holy Alliance, linked conservative monarchies together Russian Intellectuals (Intelligentsia) Remained connected to western European trends This connection that worried the elite. 1825 and After The Decembrist uprising Western-oriented military officers attempted a coup Defeated by Imperial forces and members hung Tsar Nicholas I Turned to repressive conservatism Russia also lacked substantial middle or artisan classes Both helped Russia avoid mid-19th century revolutions. Official Nationality, Orthodoxy, Autocracy: Formal name to Nicholas’ policies The tsar suppressed Polish nationalism in 1831 and demanded assimilation of minorities Insisted on a traditional church and approach to politics especially autocracy Pressed southward against the Ottoman Empire. Russia supported nationalist movements in the Balkans as a means of weakening the Turks.

19 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL PROBLEMS
The reality of Russia’s position Economy remained primarily agrarian Fell behind the West in terms of production and trade To maintain the profitability of grain exports Tighter labor obligations were imposed on the peasantry Tendency to export grain to raise money left many hungry The Crimean War, Russia wanted land on Black Sea and oil (under Ottoman control) Demonstrated how far Russia had fallen behind the West British & French forces helped Ottomans drive the Russians from the Crimea Loss convinced Tsar Alexander II that reform was needed

20 IMAGINING THE CRIMEAN WAR

21 EMANCIPATION OF RUSSIAN SERFS
The Peasant Problem In order to establish a more vigorous economy Some attempt had to be made to resolve the peasant crisis. Belief that a freer labor force could increase profitability. Western criticism of Russian social injustice also stung Russian sensibilities. Series of minor peasant rebellions in 1850s stimulated the movement for reform. Tsar Alexander II emancipated the serfs in 1861 The freed serfs got most of the land Aristocracy retained political and economic power Serfs remained tied to their villages Until they could pay for the land they received. Redemption payments, taxes kept peasants in poverty The emancipation produced a larger urban labor force But failed to stimulate agricultural production Slow pace of change engendered social dissatisfaction Led to regional peasant uprisings, peasant distrust

22 RUSSIAN SERFDOM

23 REFORMS AND EARLY INDUSTRIALIZATION
Zemstvo Stamp Alexander II carried out other reforms Issued new law codes, established regional councils (zemstvoes) for input on local decisions Began military reforms Literacy spread more widely in society with the rise of a mass market in popular literary forms Women gained power slightly through greater access to education Somewhat loosened patriarchal authority Industrialization and the State Russia lacked a substantial middle class: state handled capital formation, investment Russia created a substantial railroad network in the 1870s Better transportation permitted more efficient use of Russia's abundant natural resources The railroad also facilitated shipment of grain to the West, which in turn helped finance industrialization.

24 REFORMS AND EARLY INDUSTRIALIZATION
1880s – 1910s and the Results of Industrialization Modern factories had begun to develop in major Russian cities Count Sergei Witte, minister of finance from 1892 to 1903, enacted high tariffs to protect new industries. Witte also encouraged Western investment in Russian industrialization. As a result, nearly one half of Russia's industrial businesses were foreign-owned. By 1900, Russia ranked fourth in steel production and second in petroleum production. Russian factories were typically enormous but technologically inferior. Agriculture also lagged behind Western standards of productivity. The masses of Russian citizens were only slightly affected by industrialization. Military reforms did not substantially alter the concept of peasant conscripts serving aristocratic landlords. Russian industrialization produce a substantial middle class.

25 Russian Foreign Policy
Post-1855 Undo impact of Crimean War and conquer Ottoman Empire Obtain Constantinople as outlet to the Mediterranean Expand Russia’s influence in Asia Expand Russian influence amongst Balkan peoples Pan-Slavism and Slavophiles Ideologies that portrayed Russia as leader of all Slavs Goal was to liberate all Slavs, unite them under Russian rule Sought to unite Slavs under Russian tsar, common state Saw Russian culture as superior: anti-westernizers Led to Russification in Russia and conflict with Germany, Russia

26 Russian Foreign Policy
Alliance with France in 1894 and later with England Rise of Germany scared Russia who made common cause with France Similar fears eventually caused Russia and UK to bury differences Russo-Japanese War 1904 – 1905 Russian military expansion came to an end in 1904 Japan and Russia came into conflict over expansion in northern China. The Japanese quickly defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese War Military defeat unleashed all of the dissenting forces in Russia. Embarrassment at losing to “inferior”

27 RUSSIAN EXPANSION

28 Similarities As late industrializing nations there were substantial similarities between Russia and Japan. They both maintained economic and political independence during the West’s century of power Both had achieved more effective central governments during the 17th and 18th centuries. Both had prior experience with imitation Japan from China Russia from Byzantium and the West. The imitated West but retained their own identity

29 Similarities Both knew that learning from outsiders could be profitable and need not destroy their native cultures Both improved their political effectiveness during the 17th & 18 centuries Both used the state to sponsor changes (in the West change was initiated by private businesses) Both were expansionist Both experienced increases in literacy

30 Similarities Both experienced tensions between traditionalists and reformist intellectuals Extensive railroad network created in both countries New parliaments created in both countries Centralized authoritarian states Pre World War I neither Russia nor Japan were equal to the West Rise contributed to the growing sense of competition between established western powers.

31 GLOBAL CONNECTIONS Russia's already established role in the world expanded in the 19th century, as its cultural, diplomatic, and military power came to be felt in Europe, the Ottoman Empire, and Asia. Japan's role was newer, as it emerged from isolation to develop an increasingly powerful economy and to expand its influence in the western Pacific. Some nations in the West feared the yellow peril represented by Japan's emergence as an international power. The addition of Russia, Japan, and the United States to the world diplomatic picture increased competition. Colonial acquisitions by the new powers heightened the competitive atmosphere, particularly in the Far East.


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