1. Unit Six: Chapter 28 • convivial • paradigm • equanimity • profusion
• lassitude • recalcitrant
• listless • resigned
• mollify • surmise
Page 156 in textbook.

2. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 1 convivial – adjective Convivial means A. dull.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
1 convivial
– adjective
• Dawn and Freddy’s date at the candlelit restaurant was not as romantic as they hoped. They had to shout at each other to be heard over the loud laughter and singing of the convivial group at the next table.
• The emcee at my cousin’s wedding was too convivial. He hugged all the women and dragged couples onto the dance floor instead of letting them sit and talk.
Convivial means
A. dull.
B. argumentative.
C. sociable.
Page 156 in textbook.
Answer: C
The next slide explains the answer.
Photo: Jason Hutchens from Sydney, Australia

3. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 1 convivial – adjective Convivial means A. dull.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
1 convivial
– adjective
• Dawn and Freddy’s date at the candlelit restaurant was not as romantic as they hoped. They had to shout at each other to be heard over the loud laughter and singing of the convivial group at the next table.
• The emcee at my cousin’s wedding was too convivial. He hugged all the women and dragged couples onto the dance floor instead of letting them sit and talk.
Convivial means
A. dull.
B. argumentative.
C. sociable.
Page 156 in textbook.
If the people were laughing and singing together, the diners must have been a sociable group. An emcee who insists on hugging strangers would be excessively sociable.
Photo: Jason Hutchens from Sydney, Australia

4. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 2 equanimity – noun Equanimity means A. equality.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
2 equanimity
– noun
• We can usually react to misfortune with equanimity when it happens to someone else. When it happens to us, we tend to be much more distressed.
• Tracy gave a birthday party for her four-year-old son and ten of his little friends without losing her equanimity. However, she spent the next day in bed, weakly sipping tea.
Equanimity means
A. equality.
B. calmness.
C. grief.
Page 156 in textbook.
Answer: B
The next slide explains the answer.
Photo:

5. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 2 equanimity – noun Equanimity means A. equality.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
2 equanimity
– noun
• We can usually react to misfortune with equanimity when it happens to someone else. When it happens to us, we tend to be much more distressed.
• Tracy gave a birthday party for her four-year-old son and ten of his little friends without losing her equanimity. However, she spent the next day in bed, weakly sipping tea.
Equanimity means
A. equality.
B. calmness.
C. grief.
Page 156 in textbook.
In the first item, feeling distressed is contrasted with calmness. Although Tracy never lost her calmness during the party, she needed a day to recover from keeping her feelings under control.
Photo:

6. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 3 lassitude – noun Lassitude means A. illness.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
3 lassitude
– noun
• Lassitude, a strange drowsiness or lack of vigor, is one symptom of spring fever.
• It used to be thought that people in southern climates were naturally lazy. In fact, their apparent lassitude was caused by a widespread disease, malaria.
Lassitude means
A. illness.
B. tiredness.
C. resistance.
Page 156 in textbook.
Answer: B
The next slide explains the answer.
Photo: Alexander Bassano (1875)

7. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 3 lassitude – noun Lassitude means A. illness.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
3 lassitude
– noun
• Lassitude, a strange drowsiness or lack of vigor, is one symptom of spring fever.
• It used to be thought that people in southern climates were naturally lazy. In fact, their apparent lassitude was caused by a widespread disease, malaria.
Lassitude means
A. illness.
B. tiredness.
C. resistance.
Page 156 in textbook.
The word drowsiness suggests that spring fever can cause tiredness. The word lazy suggests that malaria can cause symptoms of tiredness.
Photo: Alexander Bassano (1875)

8. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 4 listless – adjective Listless means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
4 listless
– adjective
• Children who seem listless on school mornings, complaining of pains or nausea, may actually have “school phobia.” They’re not really sick; they’re afraid.
• Depression often goes undiagnosed in the elderly because people assume— mistakenly—that being listless and weary is just part of being old.
Listless means
A. without energy.
B. lonely.
C. refusing to obey.
Page 156 in textbook.
Answer: A
The next slide explains the answer.
Painting: Eleuterio Pagliani (1876)

9. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 4 listless – adjective Listless means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
4 listless
– adjective
• Children who seem listless on school mornings, complaining of pains or nausea, may actually have “school phobia.” They’re not really sick; they’re afraid.
• Depression often goes undiagnosed in the elderly because people assume— mistakenly—that being listless and weary is just part of being old.
Listless means
A. without energy.
B. lonely.
C. refusing to obey.
Page 156 in textbook.
Appearing without energy on school mornings may be a symptom of school phobia. The word weary suggests that appearing without energy may be a symptom of depression.
Painting: Eleuterio Pagliani (1876)

10. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 5 mollify – verb Mollify means A. to mislead.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
5 mollify
– verb
• Theo is furious when anyone disagrees with him. We’ve learned to mollify him by saying, “You’re right. We were just tossing ideas around.”
• When Ruben forgot to show up for their date, Jillian was enraged. But she was mollified when he sent her candy and flowers and begged her to forgive him.
Mollify means
A. to mislead.
B. to calm down.
C. to reject.
Page 156 in textbook.
Answer: B
The next slide explains the answer.

11. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 5 mollify – verb Mollify means A. to mislead.
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
5 mollify
– verb
• Theo is furious when anyone disagrees with him. We’ve learned to mollify him by saying, “You’re right. We were just tossing ideas around.”
• When Ruben forgot to show up for their date, Jillian was enraged. But she was mollified when he sent her candy and flowers and begged her to forgive him.
Mollify means
A. to mislead.
B. to calm down.
C. to reject.
Page 156 in textbook.
Telling someone he’s right is one way to calm down a person who is furious at having been contradicted. Offering candy and flowers and begging for forgiveness is one way to calm down a person who is enraged at having been stood up.

12. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 6 paradigm – noun Paradigm means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
6 paradigm
– noun
• The Constitution of the United States became a paradigm for several emerging democracies, which based their own governments on it.
• The “disease model” of mental disturbance—seeing it as comparable to physical illness—has been a paradigm for other conditions, such as addiction.
Paradigm means
A. a pattern to follow.
B. a puzzle to solve.
C. a descendant.
Page 156 in textbook.
Answer: A
The next slide explains the answer.

13. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 6 paradigm – noun Paradigm means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
6 paradigm
– noun
• The Constitution of the United States became a paradigm for several emerging democracies, which based their own governments on it.
• The “disease model” of mental disturbance—seeing it as comparable to physical illness—has been a paradigm for other conditions, such as addiction.
Paradigm means
A. a pattern to follow.
B. a puzzle to solve.
C. a descendant.
Page 156 in textbook.
Since several countries have based their governments on the Constitution of the United States, then it has served as a pattern to follow in forming a democracy. In the second item, the word model suggests that paradigm means “a pattern to follow.”

14. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 7 profusion – noun Profusion means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
7 profusion
– noun
• If you’re hungry, get off the highway at the next exit. You’ll find a profusion of fast-food restaurants there.
• When Paco returned from his summer vacation, he found his yard overgrown with a profusion of weeds.
Profusion means
A. a large quantity.
B. a shortage.
C. a probability.
Page 157 in textbook.
Answer: A
The next slide explains the answer.
Photo: Bruce Fritz

15. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 7 profusion – noun Profusion means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
7 profusion
– noun
• If you’re hungry, get off the highway at the next exit. You’ll find a profusion of fast-food restaurants there.
• When Paco returned from his summer vacation, he found his yard overgrown with a profusion of weeds.
Profusion means
A. a large quantity.
B. a shortage.
C. a probability.
Page 157 in textbook.
A large quantity of fast-food restaurants catering to hungry travelers can often be found near highway exits. There must have been a large quantity of weeds if his yard was overgrown with them.
Photo: Bruce Fritz

16. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 8 recalcitrant – adjective Recalcitrant means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
8 recalcitrant
– adjective
• As other shoppers watched with amusement, a father tried to persuade his child to climb out of the dress rack she was hiding in, while the recalcitrant child cried, “No—you climb in!”
• A truly recalcitrant person would not do well in the army—soldiers must be willing to follow orders.
Recalcitrant means
A. disobedient.
B. disappointed.
C. dishonest.
Page 157 in textbook.
Answer: A
The next slide explains the answer.

17. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 8 recalcitrant – adjective Recalcitrant means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
8 recalcitrant
– adjective
• As other shoppers watched with amusement, a father tried to persuade his child to climb out of the dress rack she was hiding in, while the recalcitrant child cried, “No—you climb in!”
• A truly recalcitrant person would not do well in the army—soldiers must be willing to follow orders.
Recalcitrant means
A. disobedient.
B. disappointed.
C. dishonest.
Page 157 in textbook.
The child was being disobedient when she refused to come out of her hiding place. In contrast to soldiers, who must willingly follow orders, people who tend to be disobedient would not do well in the army.

18. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 9 resigned – adjective Resigned means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
9 resigned
– adjective
• Scott had become resigned to being the shortest boy in his class, but during the summer, he grew four inches.
• Although Nina has never learned to like spinach, she has become resigned to eating it once in a while.
Resigned means
A. refusing to believe in.
B. agreeing to without protest.
C. eager about.
Page 157 in textbook.
Answer: B
The next slide explains the answer.
Painting: Mizuno Toshikata (1895)

19. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 9 resigned – adjective Resigned means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
9 resigned
– adjective
• Scott had become resigned to being the shortest boy in his class, but during the summer, he grew four inches.
• Although Nina has never learned to like spinach, she has become resigned to eating it once in a while.
Resigned means
A. refusing to believe in.
B. agreeing to without protest.
C. eager about.
Page 157 in textbook.
Realizing he couldn’t control his height, Scott finally agreed to accept being short without protest. Although Nina doesn’t like spinach, she has finally agreed to eat it without protest.
Painting: Mizuno Toshikata (1895)

20. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 10 surmise – verb Surmise means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
10 surmise
– verb
• Archaeologists in the year 2998, digging up the ruins of a baseball stadium, find a hand-lettered banner: KILL THE UMPIRE! They write: “We surmise that this place was used for human sacrifices.”
• Arriving for dinner on December 25, Uncle Jake looked at the tree with its ornaments, the holly, and the brightly wrapped gifts. “I surmise,” he said thoughtfully, “that it must be Christmas.”
Surmise means
A. to express surprise.
B. to deny.
C. to suppose.
Page 157 in textbook.
Answer: C
The next slide explains the answer.

21. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 10 surmise – verb Surmise means
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
10 surmise
– verb
• Archaeologists in the year 2998, digging up the ruins of a baseball stadium, find a hand-lettered banner: KILL THE UMPIRE! They write: “We surmise that this place was used for human sacrifices.”
• Arriving for dinner on December 25, Uncle Jake looked at the tree with its ornaments, the holly, and the brightly wrapped gifts. “I surmise,” he said thoughtfully, “that it must be Christmas.”
Surmise means
A. to express surprise.
B. to deny.
C. to suppose.
Page 157 in textbook.
Interpreting the expression “kill the umpire!” literally, archaeologists of the future might suppose that umpires were actually killed in baseball stadiums. The date, the holiday decorations, and the gifts made it easy for Uncle Jake to suppose that it was Christmas.

22. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. convivial B. equanimity C. lassitude
D. listless
E. mollify
F. paradigm G. profusion H. recalcitrant
I. resigned
J. surmise
1. The biology teacher’s _________ was tested when a lab rat escaped from its cage and ran up the teacher’s pant leg. He attempted to remain calm, but the beads of sweat on his forehead revealed his trepidation°.
2. For months after his father’s death, Kareem felt _________: he was uninterested in his usual activities and seemed incapable of exerting any effort.
Page 158 in textbook.
Answers: 1. equanimity; 2. listless
The next slide explains the answers.

23. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. convivial B. equanimity C. lassitude
D. listless
E. mollify
F. paradigm G. profusion H. recalcitrant
I. resigned
J. surmise
1. The biology teacher’s _________ was tested when a lab rat escaped from its cage and ran up the teacher’s pant leg. He attempted to remain calm, but the beads of sweat on his forehead revealed his trepidation°.
equanimity
He attempted to remain calm, but it was a challenge to stay even-tempered.
2. For months after his father’s death, Kareem felt _________: he was uninterested in his usual activities and seemed incapable of exerting any effort.
listless
Page 158 in textbook.
The phrase “incapable of exerting any effort” and the word uninterested suggest that Kareem was lacking energy and interest.

24. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. convivial B. equanimity C. lassitude
D. listless
E. mollify
F. paradigm G. profusion H. recalcitrant
I. resigned
J. surmise
3. Each spring the meadow is filled with a(n) ________ of wildflowers.
4. Johanna’s _________ neighbor gives a party every weekend.
Page 158 in textbook.
Answers: 3. profusion; 4. convivial; 5. recalcitrant
The next slide explains the answers.
5. Ray has trouble keeping a job because he tends to be _________. He doesn’t understand that a worker has to assent° to and carry out the boss’s orders.

25. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. convivial B. equanimity C. lassitude
D. listless
E. mollify
F. paradigm G. profusion H. recalcitrant
I. resigned
J. surmise
3. Each spring the meadow is filled with a __________ of wildflowers.
profusion
If the meadow is filled with wildflowers, then it must have an abundance of them.
4. Johanna’s _________ neighbor gives a party every weekend.
convivial
The neighbor must be fond of social pleasures to give parties so frequently.
Page 158 in textbook.
5. Ray has trouble keeping a job because he tends to be _________. He doesn’t understand that a worker has to assent° to and carry out the boss’s orders.
recalcitrant
Ray, who tends to stubbornly refuse to obey, is contrasted with other workers, who agree to carry out the boss’s orders.

26. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. convivial B. equanimity C. lassitude
D. listless
E. mollify
F. paradigm G. profusion H. recalcitrant
I. resigned
J. surmise
6. The leader of the insurgents° never grew _________ to being in jail. Every day, his resolution° to escape and rejoin the rebel forces grew stronger.
7. “I’m handing out a sample research paper,” said the instructor. “You can use its footnotes and references as a(n) ________ for your own.”
Page 158 in textbook.
Answers: 6. resigned; 7. paradigm
The next slide explains the answers.

27. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. convivial B. equanimity C. lassitude
D. listless
E. mollify
F. paradigm G. profusion H. recalcitrant
I. resigned
J. surmise
6. The leader of the insurgents° never grew _________ to being in jail. Every day, his resolution° to escape and rejoin the rebel forces grew stronger.
resigned
Passively accepting imprisonment contrasts with determination to escape.
7. “I’m handing out a sample research paper,” said the instructor. “You can use its footnotes and references as a __________ for your own.”
paradigm
Page 158 in textbook.
The instructor offered the sample paper is an example that could serve the students as a model for their own work.

28. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. convivial B. equanimity C. lassitude
D. listless
E. mollify
F. paradigm G. profusion H. recalcitrant
I. resigned
J. surmise
8. There’s a good reason why we feel so sleepy after Thanksgiving dinner. Turkey is soporific°—it contains a chemical that produces _________ in many people.
9. The Hoof ’n’ Claw Restaurant advertised a special lobster dinner and then ran out of lobster. The manager tried to _________ the angry customers by offering them free steaks.
Page 158 in textbook.
Answers: 8. lassitude; 9. mollify; 10. surmise
The next slide explains the answers.
10. No one is answering the phone at my neighbor’s house, and the newspapers are piling up on his porch. I _________ that he is on vacation.

29. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. convivial B. equanimity C. lassitude
D. listless
E. mollify
F. paradigm G. profusion H. recalcitrant
I. resigned
J. surmise
8. There’s a good reason why we feel so sleepy after Thanksgiving dinner. Turkey is soporific°—it contains a chemical that produces _________ in many people.
lassitude
If turkey makes people sleepy, the chemical must cause a lack of energy.
9. The Hoof ’n’ Claw Restaurant advertised a special lobster dinner and then ran out of lobster. The manager tried to _________ the angry customers by offering them free steaks.
mollify
Page 158 in textbook.
Managers often try to soothe angry customers by offering free items.
10. No one is answering the phone at my neighbor’s house, and the newspapers are piling up on his porch. I _________ that he is on vacation.
surmise
It is reasonable for the speaker to infer, or guess, from the unanswered phone and uncollected papers that the neighbor is away on vacation.