1. German Unification

2. Nationalism
Nationalism- Is the belief that one’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history. When it also has its own independent government, it became a nation- state.

3. Bonds that Create a Nation State (1800’s Context)
Nationality: A belief in a common ethnic ancestry. Language: Different dialects (forms) of one language; one dialect chosen as the “national language”. History: A common past, common experiences. Religion: A religion shared by all or most of the people. Territory: A certain territory that belongs to the ethnic group; its “land”.

4. Nationalism through a critical point of view
Nationalism- Is the belief that one’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history. When it also has its own independent government, it became a nation-state.
Is Nationalism the same as patriotism?
Nationalism has not always been seen as a positive influence, in fact there are both positive and negative elements to nationalism.
Do you see any problems with nationalism? Do you see any benefits? In small groups please come up with some positive effects and negative effects of nationalism.
There is a large difference between nationalism and patriotism.
In many respects Canadians are patriotic, we have a common identity. Yet, I would argue that we are not all that nationalistic. Something that can be supported through our official policy of multiculturalism, we embrace difference.
Nationalism promotes a common identity with little tolerance for those who are different…….race, religion, culture. There is a desire to forge a common identity, while eliminating those who are different. (This is what happened in the most extreme form during the Holocaust)
Examples: Rural America, (white, Christian Americans who feel that new immigrant are destroying the country) Americans are very proud to be American.
Canada- Mosaic.
USA- Melting pot

5. Types of Nationalist Movements
Characteristics
Examples
Unification
Mergers of politically divided but culturally similar lands.
19th Century Germany
Separation
Culturally distinct group resists being added to a state or tries to break away
French speaking Canadians.
State-Building
Culturally distinct groups form into a new state by accepting a single culture
The united States

6. Nationalism a Force of Disunity
In the 1800’s a growing sense of nationalism challenges three old empires:
1. Russia
2. Austrian Empire
3. Ottoman Empire
All three of these would eventually collapse.

7. Nationalism, A Force For Unity in Germany
German Paranoia- There is a sense a paranoia and worry among the German speaking people’s of Europe, there were so many weak German speaking states, yet there was no unification among them.
Problem- There is mounting pressure from more powerful European nations, all of which are looking to grow and expand their empires. (Russia, Britain and France)
Bigger Problem? Germany is in the middle of them.
Solution? Create a unified German state, this will be a achieved through nationalism. This sense of unity allows them to grow as a country.

8. German Confederation
Formed in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna, replacing the Holy Roman Empire.
Result- A loose confederation/ political association of 39 states.
The two largest states dominate the confederation:
1. Prussia.
2. Austro-Hungarian Empire/ Austrian Empire.
Holy Roman Empire-
Loose
: Prior to the French Revolution, there were more than 300 German states.
Prussia and Austria were the largest.
The Congress of Vienna reduced the number of German states to 39.
The smaller number of German states encouraged feelings of nationalism and patriotism among these German states.

9. Barriers to German Unification
France preferred 39 weak states to a single unified nation.
Austria knew Prussia was most powerful state.
Rulers of smaller states feared loss of power in a united Germany.
Protestant/ Catholic divide. (From the 30 years war)
Economic Differences between western industrial states and agricultural eastern states.
Prussia- Organized the German states north of the Main river into the North German confederation, these states were mostly protestant.
While the southern German states, which were largely Catholic, feared protestant Prussia. However, both of these powers feared France to the West greatly. This resulted in them signing a military alliance with Prussia for protection against France.

10. Basis For German Nationalism and Unification
1. A common German Language.
: Zollverein Created- A customs union that removed tariffs on products traded between German states, by 1854 most German states are involved.
3. Cultural Unity

11. The Rise of Germany

12. Frankfurt Assembly 1848 Liberal rioters in Berlin.
Result! The Frankfurt Parliament
Desire for a unified Germany is growing.
Austria opposes centralized government in Germany
Prussian king offered crown of a unified Germany.
Democratic reforms do not extend to Prussia
Although the Prussian king is offered the crown of a (semi) united Germany he rejects it……
1. Feels the assembly has no right without the consent of the German governments.

13. Germany: Leaders of Unification
King Wilhelm I (King of Prussia)
Very Authoritarian
This Prussian king had a very strong hold over both:
1. Military
2. Government
Then! He attempts to enlarge the Prussian military but meets opposition from the Prussian Parliament.
Result! Appoints new Prime Minister, Otto von Bismarck to get what he wants.
Authoritarian- favoring or enforcing strict obedience to authority, especially that of the government, at the expense of personal freedom.
Throughout the course of the 19th Century Prussia had become a strong and prosperous state, relying heavily on their military strength.
In the 1860’s attempts to enlarge the Prussian army.
Supported by the “Junkers”
- These are people from the wealthy landowning class and are strongly conservative and opposed to liberal ideas.

14. Otto von Bismarck
Becomes Prime Minister in (Conservative Junker)
Continues to expand the military rapidly.
Realpolitik- (the politics of reality): politics that leaves no room for idealism, based on practical matters rather than theories or ethics.
So! He is opposed to liberalism and socialism, instead he embraces tough power politics with no idealism.
Stands for absolutism, divine right monarchy and the protestant Lutheran church.
Doesn’t trust people or democracy.
Very open about his dislike for people who opposed him. ( So not the nicest guy in the world)
After his election he ignored legislative opposition to military reforms. He argues that “Germany does not look to Prussia’s liberalism but to her power”. SO he continued to collect taxes and grow the military from While also following an active foreign policy that would eventually lead to war.

15. Bismarck's Policy of “Blood and Iron”
“ Not by speeches and resolutions of majorities are the great questions of the times decided upon – but by blood and iron”
What do you think this means?
This quote was retrieved from a speech given on September 30th 1862, about the unification of the German territories.
Meaning- If we want to united Germany it wont be done through policy and legislation, instead through war.
“ A conquering army on the border will not be stopped by eloquence”
“ Hit the poles so hard that they despair of their life; I have full sympathy with their condition, but if we want to survive, we can only exterminate them; the wolf, too, cannot help having been created by God as he is, but people shoot him for it if they can”

16. Steps to German Unification #1 (Prussian and Austrian Alliance)
(Alliance between Prussia and Austria)
War against Denmark to win two border provinces: Schleswig and Holstein.
Result! A quick victory. Prussia governed Schleswig and Austria, Holstein.

17. Steps toward German Unification #2-Seven Weeks War
Bismarck (Prussia) purposely stirred up border conflicts with Austria over Schleswig and Holstein.
Result! Austria declares war on Prussia in 1866.
Prussia humiliates Austria and takes its Northern states joining the North German Confederation.

19. 1870-1871: The Franco-Prussian War
Bismarck realizes that the French would never be content with a strong German state to its east. (security threat)
So! - Prussia declares war on France, July 19, and invade France.
Result- On September 2nd 1870, Prussia defeats the French forces aided by southern German states.
Gains- The Prussians gain the French territories of Alsace and Lorraine.
By 1867, a few southern German states remained independent from Prussia. Bismarck felt he could win the support of the southerners if they faced a threat from outside: a war with France would rally the south.
The Prussian army poured into northern France, and in September, they surrounded the main French force in Sedan. They took 80,000 French prisoners.
The official surrender of the French forces occurred on January 18th 1871, resulting the the signing of an official peace treaty in may of that year.
Gains:
Alsace and Lorraine.
French must pay 5 billion francs (Around 1 billion dollars today)
Feeling of the French- Seriously angry, left them burning for revenge. ( These themes will come up again during the 1st world war)

21. Over a six year period, Bismarck created a united Germany
Over a six year period, Bismarck created a united Germany. He made skillful use of diplomacy and warfare to accomplish this task.

22. German Unification
Even before the end of the war the Southern German states agreed to enter the Northern German Confederation.
Wilhelm I is crowned Kaiser (Emperor) at the palace of Versailles.
Result! This unites all the German territories into the Second German empire.
On January 18th 1871, Bismarck and 600 German princes, nobles and generals filled the hall of mirrors in the palace of Versailles for the crowning of Wilhelm 1 as Kaiser of Germany.
This is a huge middle finger to the French.
Result! A German nation is born, achieved by the Prussian monarchy and the Prussian army. The authoritarian and militaristic values of Prussia prevailed in the new German state. With its industrial resources and military might, the new state had become the strongest power on the European continent.

23. The Balance of Power Shifts
We now have five great European Powers:
1. Britain
2. France
3. Austria
4. Russia
5. Germany- Considered to be the most powerful of these 5 powers.
This is considered to be a huge shift in power.
Significance- There has never been this many major powers in European history, we have always seen a huge imbalance of power among nations.
Result? We are going to see serious competition between these different powers, which will eventually lead to war.
This German Empire is called the second Reich, a German word meaning “realm”.
1st Reich- When its under control of the Holy Roman Empire.
2nd Reich- German Empire under Kaiser Wilhelm 1
3rd Reich- Appears under the leadership of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi pary.

24. Unification of Germany Work Sheet

25. http://jonesworldhistory. weebly
imperialism--nationalism.html