1. Animal Body Systems

2. Structure and Function of Organs and Organ Systems

3. Animal Systems
Organization and Homeostasis

4. Organization in Living Things
Cells are organized into tissues
Tissues are organized into organs
Organs are organized into systems
Systems form an organism

6. Four tissue types
Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscular

7. Epithelial tissue
Epithelial cells form the outer covering, line the internal cavities, and make up the glands.
Examples: Skin, mucous membranes.

9. Connective tissue Consists of living cells in a secreted matrix.
Examples: bone, cartilage, blood.

10. Muscular tissue
Specialized protein fibers allow these cells to contract.
Examples: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle.

11. Nervous tissue
Neurons have the ability to pass an “electrical” signal from one cell to another, or to target cells (muscles, glands, organs).

12. Tissues form organs
The skin is an example of an organ made up of multiple tissues: epithelial, muscular, nervous, and connective tissues.

13. Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the act of keeping the internal environment of a living organism within an acceptable range of conditions.
Homeostasis controls temperature, pH, blood volume, oxygen levels, blood sugar levels, and other conditions.

14. Maintaining Temperature
Ectotherms are animals that derive body heat from the environment. Their body temperature may vary widely.
Endotherms rely on metabolic reactions and physiological systems to maintain a steady body temperature.

15. Why do animals (and humans) have multiple systems?
Animals are composed of a variety of interdependent systems
No one system can function entirely _on its own__.
In order to be healthy, _all systems_ must function properly

16. Function of the Skeletal System
Provides protection, support, and structure for all systems and organs.
Provides attachment for muscles
Provides storage for minerals (ex: Ca)

17. What makes up the skeletal system?
Bone
Made of minerals that provide housing for living cells
Cartilage
Firm, flexible tissues that are not as hard as bone
Bone Marrow
Production site of blood cells and platelets.

18. Types of bone Long Bones Short Bones Irregular Bones Flat Bones
Large, provide support
Examples- legs and arms
Short Bones
Smaller than long bones, provides comfort and mobility
Examples- feet and hands
Irregular Bones
Irregular shapes, main function is to provide support
Example- Vertebrae
Flat Bones
Example- Ribs

20. What else makes up the skeletal system?
Joints
Where different bones meet
Ligaments
Connect bones to other bones; tough tissue

21. Function of the Muscle System
Provides movement for the animal
Provides movement for proper function of organs

23. Three types of muscle tissue
Skeletal Muscle
Provides movement for the bones
Voluntary movement
Composed of long, striated bundles that contract and relax
Examples: Biceps, Quads

24. Types of muscle cont. Smooth Muscle
Controls movements of the internal organs
Involuntary movements
Composed of spindle shaped cells
Examples: Digestive tract, urinary tract

25. Types of muscle cont.

26. Types of muscle cont. Cardiac Muscle
Muscle that controls the beating of the heart
Involuntary

27. What is the Integumentary System?
The Integumentary System includes:
Skin
Hair
Finger and Toe Nails
The Integumentary System’s Function:
Barrier against infection and injury
Regulates body temperature
Removes wastes
Provides protection from Ultra Violet radiation

28. What is Skin? Layers of Skin Epidermis Outer Layer of the skin
Contains both dead and living cells
Non-vascular tissue (no blood vessels)
Cells in the epidermis make Keratin and Melanin
Keratin- tough protein found in hair
Melanin- pigment that absorbs UV light

29. What is Skin? Layers of Skin Dermis Inside layer of the skin
Contains collagen, hair follicles, nerves, smooth muscle and glands
Vascular tissue (has blood vessels)
Two types of glands:
Sweat glands- secretes water and salts to cool the body down and remove waste from the blood.
Sebaceous (oil) glands- secretes Sebum (oil) to keep the epidermis flexible and waterproof and to make hair soft and flexible.

30. What is Hair? Functions of hair: Structure of hair:
Protects us from UV light
Provides insulation
Prevents dirt and other particles from entering the body (Ex: eyelashes, ear and nose hair)
Structure of hair:
Hair is produced by hair follicles inside the dermis
An individual hair is made of a column of epidermal cells that have filled with keratin and died

32. Function of the Circulatory System
Transports:
Water
Oxygen
Wastes
Nutients
Regulates temperature
Removes disease

33. What is the heart? Heart Center of the circulatory system
Large, powerful muscle
Beats continuously to pump blood to the entire body

34. Aorta
Superior Vena Cava
Pulmonary Artery
Pulmonary Vein
Right Atrium
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Right Ventricle
Inferior Vena Cava

35. Structure of the heart Right Atrium Right Ventricle Left Atrium
Four Chambers
Right Atrium
Receives deoxygenated blood into the heart from the body via veins
Right Ventricle
Pumps blood out to the lungs
Left Atrium
Receives oxygenated blood into the heart from the lungs
Left Ventricle
Pumps blood out into into the body via arteries

36. What else makes up Circulatory System?
Blood Vessels
Arteries
Vessels that take blood away from the heart
Veins
Vessels that return blood to the heart

37. Blood Vessels cont. Capillaries Connects arteries and veins
Delivers nutrients and oxygen to the cells
Removes wastes from cells

38. What is blood? Red Blood cells White Blood cells Platelets
Give blood color
Carry oxygen
White Blood cells
Destroy disease
Gives white color to pus
Platelets
Made of plasma proteins
Forms blood clots

39. Structure of the heart cont.
Two Paths of Circulation
Systemic Circulation
Circulation of blood from the heart, to the body, and then back to the heart
Pulmonary Circulation
Circulation of blood from the heart, to the lungs, and then back to the heart

40. Function of the Respiratory System
Function: Gas Exchange
Take in oxygen from the air/water
Place oxygen in the bloodstream
Remove carbon dioxide
from the body

41. Structures of the Respiratory System
Nostrils
Air intake
Nasal Chamber
Mouth
Air Intake

42. Structures cont.
Pharynx
Passageway for food, water, and air.

43. Structures cont. Larynx Trachea (Windpipe) Epiglottis
Voice box (Adam’s apple)
Trachea (Windpipe)
Large tube
Made of rigid cartilaginous rings
Epiglottis
Flap that covers the trachea to prevent food from entering

44. Structures Cont. Bronchi Lungs Tubes that branch into the lungs
Passage for air
Lungs
Organ where gas exchange occcurs

45. Structures cont. Alveoli
Tiny air sacs that are surrounded by blood vessels
Carbon dioxide is removed from the blood
Oxygen is absorbed into the blood

46. Structures cont. Diaphragm Large muscle under the lungs
When contracted, rib cage expands and air comes in
When the diaphragm relaxes, air is forced out

48. How do fish get oxygen? Gills!!!
When fish open their mouth, water comes in.
When they close their mouth, water is pumped through their gills.
The surface of the gills is covered with capillaries which absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide into the water.
How does this compare to people, other animals?

49. Function of the nervous system
Central Nervous System
Relays messages to and from the rest of the body
Processes and analyzes information
Includes the brain and spinal cord

50. Function of nervous system cont.
Peripheral Nervous System
Transmits motor or sensory impulses to the central system
Includes all nerves outside of the central system

51. Structures of the nervous system
Neurons
Cells of the nervous system
Sensory Neurons- control impulses from the body to the brain
Motor Neurons- control impulses from the brain to the body
Nerves
Long fiber like structures made up of neurons
Impulses travel along nerves to and from the brain

52. The Neuron

53. Nervous System structures cont.
Spinal Cord
All nerves connect to the spinal cord
Runs through the backbone (vertebrae)

54. Nervous System structures cont.
Brain
Center of the nervous system
Divided into 3 sections

55. Nervous System structures cont.
Brain
1. Cerebrum
Controls voluntary processes and thinking
2. Cerebellum
Coordinates actions and movement (talking/running)
3. Brain Stem
Controls involuntary activities (heart beat, respiration), homeostasis, and feelings.

56. Function of the digestive system
The digestive system breaks down food into a form that the body can use.
Breaks food down to a molecular level that the body can absorb into the blood stream
This includes vitamins, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, and nucleic acids.

57. What does the Digestive System look like?

58. Where does digestion start?
The Mouth
Teeth- tear and crush food to small pieces
Salivary Glands- secrete saliva which moistens food so it can be swallowed
Saliva also contains enzymes that break down starches into sugars and destroys bacteria in food
Tongue- forms a ball of food called the bolus
With help from the throat muscles pushes food to the esophagus.

59. Where does the food go next?
The Esophagus
The “food tube”
Smooth muscles line this tube. Contractions of these muscles, called peristalsis, push the bolus down to the stomach.

60. What is the stomach? The Stomach The stomach is a large, muscular sac.
Most mechanical digestion occurs in the stomach.
Glands in the stomach secrete mucus to protect the stomach, hydrochloric acid (HCL) to activate enzymes, and pepsin.
The mixture in the stomach is now called chyme

61. What is the Small Intestine?
The small intestine has three parts, the duodenum, the ileum, and the jejunum.
Most chemical digestion (break down of chyme by enzymes) occurs in the small intestine.

62. Small Intestine cont. Absorption of food molecules
The lining of the small intestine is covered with fingerlike projections called villi.
Villi are lined with capillaries to absorb the nutrients into the blood.

63. The rest of the system Large Intestine (or Colon) Rectum
Primary Function is to remove water from the remainder of undigested material
Also stores this material until excreted
Rectum
Muscular tube that passes waste out of the body

64. What are the accessory organs in the digestive system?
Pancreas-
The pancreas is a gland that lies near the stomach
The pancreas has three functions:
Produces insulin to regulate blood sugar levels
Produces enzymes that are secreted into the small intestine to break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Produces sodium bicarbonate to neutralize the acidity of the stomach.

65. Accessory organs cont. Liver Largest internal organ in the body
Produces Bile
Bile helps dissolve fat
The Liver is also responsible for detoxifying the blood

66. Digestive System disorders
Peptic Ulcers
Caused by bacteria in the stomach
Creates a hole in the lining of the stomach
Acid Reflux
Caused by acid contents in the stomach being regurgitated into the esophagus.
Damages the lining of the esophagus.
Often referred to as heartburn.

67. What is the excretory system?
Functions of the excretory system:
Every cell in the body produces metabolic wastes.
The excretory system removes wastes from the bloodstream and the digestive tract, then removes these wastes from the body.
Excretion plays an important role in homeostasis.

68. What is the function of the kidneys?
Kidney Function
The kidneys remove wastes from the blood (urea), maintain blood pH, and regulate the volume of the blood.
Kidneys reabsorb 99% of the water that enters them.
Kidneys filter the blood of the body every 45 min.
Kidneys are made up of nephrons.

69. Structure of the Kidney

70. Other excretory structures
Ureter
Tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder
Bladder
Sac-like organ that stores urine until excreted
Urethra
Tube that carries urine from the the bladder to the outside of the body

71. Other excretory structures
Skin
The Skin excretes excess water and salts (sweat).
Lungs
The lungs excrete carbon dioxide when animals exhale.
Liver
The liver removes toxins from our bloodstream.

72. What is the Endocrine System?
Function:
Composed of glands that secrete hormones.
Hormones:
Chemicals that affect specific parts in the body.
Hormones control vital function of the body.
Growth
Reproduction
Hormones play a primary role in homeostasis of the body

73. What are glands? Exocrine glands- Endocrine glands-
Release secretions through ducts directly to the organs that use them
Examples- sweat glands, digestive glands
Endocrine glands-
Release secretions directly into the bloodstream

74. Glands of the endocrine system
Pituitary Gland
Secretes nine different hormones that regulate other endocrine glands
Hypothalamus
Regulates hormone production of the Pituitary

75. Endocrine glands cont. Adrenal Gland Thyroid Gland
Releases Adrenaline and other hormones that help our body deal with stress
This includes the fight or flight response
Thyroid Gland
Controls rate of digestion and metabolism

76. Endocrine glands cont. Pancreas
Has both exocrine and endocrine function
Exocrine-
Secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine
Endocrine-
Secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels

77. Endocrine glands cont. Ovaries Testes
Produce and secrete estrogen and progesterone
Estrogen is responsible for development of eggs and physical “female characteristics” (e.g. widening of hips, breast formation)
Testes
Produce and secrete testosterone
Testosterone is responsible for sperm production and physical “male characteristics” (e.g. deep voice, facial hair)

78. Animal Reproduction

79. The Male Reproductive System
Function-
Produce and deliver sperm
Sperm development is triggered by testosterone and FSH secreted by the pituitary
Sperm production is called spermatogenesis

80. The Male Reproductive System
Structures
Testes- site of sperm production
The testes reside outside the body where the temperature is 1-3 degrees lower. This creates the ideal temperature for spermatogenesis
Seminiferous tubules-
Tight coils within the testes. These coils are where sperm is produced

81. The Male Reproductive System
Epididymis
Site where sperm mature and are stored
Vas Deferens
Some sperm move into this tube to be ejaculated
Urethra
The Vas Deferens joins the urethra where semen is ejaculated though the penis to the outside of the body

82. The Male Reproductive System
Male Reproductive Glands
Seminal Vesicle, Prostrate gland, and bulbourethral glands add fluids to the sperm to create semen
Semen- acts as a carrier to get the sperm inside the vaginal canal during conception

83. The Female Reproductive System
Function
Production of Ova (eggs), and development of the embryo after fertilization
Females are born with thousands of immature eggs. Ova maturation is triggered by estrogen and FSH
Production of mature ova is called oogenesis.

84. The Female Reproductive System
Structures
Ovaries- Site of ova storage and maturation
Ovulation- process where the mature follicle releases its egg. This happens once every 28 days
Fallopian Tube (oviduct)
The fallopian tube is usually the site of fertilization
Once fertilized, the egg is called a zygote

85. The Female Reproductive System
Structures
Uterus
If a zygote exists, it will implant to the wall of the uterus and mature
Cervix
Opening between the uterus and vagina
Vagina
Muscular passage. Site where semen enters the female and also site where fetus is delivered

86. Reproductive Technologies
Any method of reproduction that is different from natural methods

87. Reproductive Technologies
Embryo Transfer:
The transfer of fertilized egg(s) from a donor female to one or more recipient females

88. Reproductive Technologies
Embryo Transfer

89. Reproductive Technologies
Super Ovulation:
Providing females with hormones that causes them to release more then one egg.
Embryonic Stem Cells:
Early embryonic cells that are not yet differentiated. These cells can become any type of tissue. Scientists are hoping to learn how to grow tissue from stem cells to replace damaged tissue in adults.

90. Reproductive Technologies
Artificial Insemination
Placing sperm into the female reproductive tract by means other than natural mating.

91. Reproductive Technologies
In vitro fertilization
Eggs are surgically removed from the ovary. The eggs are then mixed with sperm in a lab. After about two days, a technician checks to see if the eggs are fertilized. A fertilized egg will then be implanted in the uterus of the female.