AP BIO Review Membranes and Transport

AP BIO Review Membranes and Transport
Kelly Riedell Brookings Biology Remember: Biology is more than "just the facts". It's all about connections. (That said... you have to know the vocab and concepts to be able to see the "big picture" and make those connections)

Name the kind of transport that moves molecules from high concentration to low across a membrane without using energy and without the help of any membrane proteins or vesicles DIFFUSION Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Passive transport plays a primary role in the import of resources and the export of wastes.

The difference in the concentration of molecules across a space
mass of a dissolved substance in a given volume Image by Riedell concentration The difference in the concentration of molecules across a space Concentration gradient VOCAB

Images from: http://oerpub. github
Depolarization of nerve cell membrane causes the A protein in the diagram to allow the influx of which ion to trigger the release neurotransmitters? Which type of transporter protein is this? It is passive active Ca++ ION CHANNEL Essential knowledge 3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. a. The neuron is the basic structure of the nervous system that reflects function. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. The structure of the neuron allows for the detection, generation, transmission and integration of signal information. LO 3.44 The student is able to describe how nervous systems detect external and internal signals. [See SP 1.2] LO 3.45 The student is able to describe how nervous systems transmit information. [See SP 1.2]

Campbell Concept check
After the cell is placed in the beaker, which of the following changes will occur? A. The artificial cell will become more flaccid. B. The artificial cell will become more turgid. C. Some water molecules will flow out of the cell, but the majority will flow in. D. The membrane potential will decrease E. In spite of the inability of sucrose to cross the cell membrane, eventually the two solutions will become isotonic. B, C, E are correct 2.B.2.a.3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP 1.4]

Increased Ca++ at the presynaptic terminal causes the release of chemical signals called _________________ into the synaptic cleft. These are released by which type of transport process shown by C in the diagram? It is passive active neurotransmitters exocytosis Essential knowledge 3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. a. The neuron is the basic structure of the nervous system that reflects function. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. The structure of the neuron allows for the detection, generation, transmission and integration of signal information. LO 3.44 The student is able to describe how nervous systems detect external and internal signals. [See SP 1.2] LO 3.45 The student is able to describe how nervous systems transmit information. [See SP 1.2]

If a Paramecium were to move from a hypotonic environment to an isotonic one, would contractile vacuole activity increase or decrease? WHY? Campbell Concept check 7.3 It would decrease, because less water would be entering Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO 2.12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes. [See SP 1.4]

cotransport Name this kind of transport in which transport of
Name this kind of transport in which transport of one substance DOWN its gradient is coupled to the movement of another moving UP the gradient. cotransport Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. b. Active transport requires free energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. 1. Active transport is a process where free energy (often provided by ATP) is used by proteins embedded in the membrane to "move" molecules and/or ions across the membrane and to establish and maintain concentration gradients. 2. Membrane proteins are necessary for active transport.

ENDOCYTOSIS if taking in: fluid or small molecules =_________________
Animation from: ENDOCYTOSIS if taking in: fluid or small molecules =_________________ large particles or whole cells =______________ PINOCYTOSIS PHAGOCYTOSIS Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. c. The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis move large molecules from the external environment to the internal environment and vice versa, respectively. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles derived from the plasma membrane.

Identify the location of hydrophobic and hydrophilic
Image from: Identify the location of hydrophobic and hydrophilic R-groups in the integral proteins that make up transport proteins in cell membranes. Essential knowledge 4.A.1. The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule a.2 The R groups of an amino acid can be categorized by chemical properties (hydrophobic, hydrophilic and ionic) and the interactions of these R groups determine structure and function of that region of the protein [1.D.1, 2.A.3, 2.B.1] 2.B.1.3. Embedded proteins can be hydrophilic, with charged and polar side groups, or hydrophobic, with nonpolar side groups

VOCAB plasmolysis flaccid
VOCAB The pulling away of the cell membrane from the cell wall in plant cells when placed in a hypertonic environment is called ______________ A plant cell that has lost water and is “limp” is called _____________ plasmolysis flaccid Essential knowledge 2.B.2. Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells LO 2.12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes. [See SP 1.4]

cotransport Name this kind of transport in which transport of
Name this kind of transport in which transport of one substance DOWN its gradient is coupled to the movement of another moving UP the gradient. cotransport VOCAB

Diffusion continues until the concentration of molecules is equal throughout the space. This is called _____________ equilibrium Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes.

negative Ca++ EXOCYTOSIS DIFFUSION
Electrogenic pumps create voltage across cell membranes making the cytoplasm more _________ than the extracellular fluid negative positive When a nerve cell is depolarized the flip of Na+ and K+ ions across along the axon results in the influx of _____ ions which triggers the release of neurotransmitters. Which type of transport is used when nerve cells release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft? Neurotransmitters move across the synaptic cleft using which kind of transport? negative Ca++ EXOCYTOSIS DIFFUSION Essential knowledge 2.B.2: a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. 2. Membrane proteins play a role in facilitated diffusion of charged and polar molecules through a membrane. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Na+/K+ transport b. Active transport requires free energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. 1. Active transport is a process where free energy (often provided by ATP) is used by proteins embedded in the membrane to "move" molecules and/or ions across the membrane and to establish and maintain concentration gradients. 2. Membrane proteins are necessary for active transport. c. The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis move large molecules from the external environment to the internal environment and vice versa, respectively: 1. In exocytosis, internal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane to secrete large macromolecules out of the cell

Which of these proteins is a peripheral protein?
Which of these proteins is a peripheral protein? B; sticks on the surface of the membrane 2.B.1.b.1 Cell membranes consist of a structural framework of phospholipid molecules, embedded proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.

This egg shrank smaller because it was placed in a _____________ liquid.
hypertonic Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO 2.12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes. [See SP 1.4]

Name some types of signals that could open the gate Gated ion channel
This type of transport which opens in response to a signal and forms a “tunnel” through the membrane to let ions in or out is called a(n) _______________ Name some types of signals that could open the gate Gated ion channel Signals can be electrical OR chemical (ligands) How are gated ion channels used in sending a nerve signal? In response to a stimulus, Na+ and K+ gated channels sequentially open and cause the membrane to become locally depolarized. This is passed along the nerve axon toward the synapse at end 3.E.2.b.2. In response to a stimulus, Na+ and K+ gated channels sequentially open and cause the membrane to become locally depolarized. This is passed along the nerve axon toward the synapse at end LO 3.45 The student is able to describe how nervous systems transmit information

http://www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBooktransp
The pulling away of the cell membrane from the cell wall in plant cells when placed in a hypertonic environment is called _______________________ A plant cell that has lost water and is “limp” is called _____________________ plasmolysis flaccid VOCAB

STUDY BREAK!

turgid increases VOCAB
VOCAB The swelling of plant cells when placed in a hypotonic environment _________ the osmotic pressure inside the cell increases decreases We would say the cell is ________ turgid flaccid increases turgid Essential knowledge 2.B.2. Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells LO 2.12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes. [See SP 1.4]

Electrogenic pumps create voltage across cell membranes making the cytoplasm more
_______________ than the extracellular fluid. negative positive The water potential ψ for pure water at atmospheric pressure is ______ The addition of solutes ___________ the solute potential. increases decreases negative zero decreases

Image from: http://baileyb. pbworks
Explain the relationship between cell size and surface area/volume ratios. As cells increase in size both surface area and volume increase, but volume increases at a faster rate. So SA/volume ratio decreases as cells grow bigger. Essential knowledge 2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. b. Surface area-to-volume ratios affect a biological system's ability to obtain necessary resources or eliminate waste products. 1. As cells increase in volume, the relative surface area decreases and demand for material resources increases; more cellular structures are necessary to adequately exchange materials and energy with the environment. These limitations restrict cell size. 2. The surface area of the plasma membrane must be large enough to adequately exchange materials; smaller cells have a more favorable surface area-to-volume ratio for exchange of materials with the environment. LO 2.6 The student is able to use calculated surface area-to-volume ratios to predict which cell(s) might eliminate wastes or procure nutrients faster by diffusion. [See SP 2.2]

Which of these would increase membrane fluidity?
Name the two types of transport proteins that carry out facilitated diffusion Which of these would increase membrane fluidity? a) greater proportion of unsaturated phospholipids b) greater proportion of saturated phospholipids c) a lower temperature d) relatively high protein content in membrane e) greater proportion of relatively large glycolipids compared to lipids having smaller molecular masses Campbell Ch 7 self quiz Channels and carriers A

increase turgid The swelling of plant cells when placed in a hypotonic
The swelling of plant cells when placed in a hypotonic environment ______________ the osmotic pressure inside the cell increases decreases We would say the cell is ________ turgid flaccid increase turgid VOCAB

Depolarization of nerve cell membrane causes the A protein in the diagram to allow the influx of which ion to trigger the release neurotransmitters? Which type of transporter protein is this? It is passive active Ca++ ION CHANNEL Essential knowledge 3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. a. The neuron is the basic structure of the nervous system that reflects function. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. The structure of the neuron allows for the detection, generation, transmission and integration of signal information. LO 3.44 The student is able to describe how nervous systems detect external and internal signals. [See SP 1.2] LO 3.45 The student is able to describe how nervous systems transmit information. [See SP 1.2]

Which type of transport maintains the membrane potential in animal cells?
Molecules that bind specifically to a receptor site on another molecule are called ____________ Name the kind of bulk transport process you learned about in which ligands are involved in the uptake of molecules Sodium-potassium pump ligands Receptor mediated endocytosis

Look at the diagram showing sucrose COTRANSPORT Decreasing extracellular pH would have what effect on sucrose transport into the cell? Movement of sucrose into cell is dependent on H+ ions moving down their concentration gradient. More H+ ions outside cell means more sucrose transport in. DECREASING extracellular pH means there are MORE H+ ions outside the cell. So this would increase the movement of sucrose in. LO The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively is investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes. [See SP 1.4]

crenation VOCAB cytolysis
VOCAB The swelling and bursting of animal cells when placed in a hypotonic environment is called _________________ The shrinking and shriveling up of animal cells when placed in a hypertonic environment is called ____________ cytolysis crenation Essential knowledge 2.B.2. Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells LO 2.12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes. [See SP 1.4]

Carbon dioxide and oxygen move across membranes in cells by
Carrier proteins like this one are __________ proteins. Integral peripheral integral Carbon dioxide and oxygen move across membranes in cells by _________________ Diffusion VOCAB

Name this kind of transport that enables the
Name this kind of transport that enables the cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances The molecules that bind to these receptors are called _________ Give an example of a molecule that moves into cells in this way _________________ Receptor mediated endocytosis ligands Cholesterol LDL ligands bind receptors and attached cholesterol is taken into cell 2.B.2.b. Membrane proteins are necessary for active transport. 2.B.2.c The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis move large molecules from the external environment to the internal environment and vice versa, respectively 2.B.2.c.1.2 In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles derived from the plasma membrane.

This egg grew bigger because it was placed in a ______________ liquid.
hypotonic Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO 2.12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes. [See SP 1.4]

USE lower and higher to complete the following:
Water always moves from an area with ________ water potential to an area with _______ water potential. Water with solutes dissolved in it in an open beaker will have a ______water potential than distilled water. higher lower lower

Look at the diagram showing sucrose COTRANSPORT Increasing extracellular pH would have what effect on sucrose transport into the cell? Movement of sucrose into cell is dependent on H+ ions moving down their concentration gradient. The more H+ ions outside cell means more sucrose transport in. INCREASING extracellular pH means there are FEWER H+ ions outside the cell. So this would idecrease the movement of sucrose in. LO The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively is investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes. [See SP 1.4]

https://s-media-cache-ak0. pinimg
STUDY BREAK!

Which kind of membrane protein binds glucose, changes conformation, and flips it across the membrane? Carrier protein (facilitated diffusion) Which kind of membrane protein moves Ca++ or Cl- passively across membranes? Ion channels (facilitated diffusion) 2.B.2.a. Membrane proteins play a role in facilitated diffusion of charged and polar molecules through a membrane.

Image from: http://www. quia
Explain why water molecules can’t move across cell membranes without the help of aquaporin channel proteins. Water is a polar molecule and therefore can’t pass through the hydrophobic phospholipid tails in the middle of the lipid bilayer. Aquaporins provide a way through without touching those phobic tails. LO The student is able to use representations and models to pose scientific questions about the properties of cell membranes and selective permeability based on molecular structure [See SP 1.4, 3.1]

membrane protein (aquaporins) membrane protein needs no help vesicle
Tell if the transport uses Vesicles membrane proteins Needs NO HELP Facilitated diffusion ___________________ Osmosis ____________________ Na + - K+ pump ____________________ Diffusion ____________________ Endocytosis _______________________ Exocytosis ________________________ Ion channels ________________________ Proton pump _________________ Cotransport __________________ membrane protein membrane protein (aquaporins) membrane protein needs no help vesicle vesicle membrane protein membrane protein membrane protein Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes a. 2. Membrane proteins play a role in facilitated diffusion of charged and polar molecules through a membrane.

Which part of a cell membrane is responsible for this property?
Image from: A membrane that lets certain molecules pass through and not others is called _______________ Which part of a cell membrane is responsible for this property? Semi permeable OR selectively permeable Phobic tails of the phospholipids Essential knowledge 2.B.1: Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure. b. Selective permeability is a direct consequence of membrane structure, as described by the fluid mosaic model. [See also 4.A.1]

Hydrophobic; non-polar
Describes molecules that try to stay away from water or other polar molecules Hydrophobic; non-polar Scale used to measure acidity pH Vocab

Label the parts of a neuron
Label the parts of a neuron Cell body (soma) nucleus Axon terminal dendrite Myelin sheath Node of Ranvier Axon terminal Nucleus Myelin sheath Node of Ranvier Axon Dendrite Cell body (soma) axon Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes a. 2. Membrane proteins play a role in facilitated diffusion of charged and polar molecules through a membrane.

Identify the location of hydrophobic and hydrophilic
Image from: Identify the location of hydrophobic and hydrophilic R-groups in the integral proteins that make up transport proteins in cell membranes. Essential knowledge 4.A.1. The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule a.2 The R groups of an amino acid can be categorized by chemical properties (hydrophobic, hydrophilic and ionic) and the interactions of these R groups determine structure and function of that region of the protein [1.D.1, 2.A.3, 2.B.1] 2.B.1.3. Embedded proteins can be hydrophilic, with charged and polar side groups, or hydrophobic, with nponpolar side groups

Name this kind of transport
Name this kind of transport Give an example of how this might be used in a cell. Sodium-potassium pump Na+-K+ pumps are main electrogenic pumps in eukaryotic cells. Ex: In nerve cells they set up the potential across cell membranes which allows the nerve cell to then be depolarized to send a nerve signal. Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. b. Active transport requires free energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. 1. Active transport is a process where free energy (often provided by ATP) is used by proteins embedded in the membrane to "move" molecules and/or ions across the membrane and to establish and maintain concentration gradients. 2. Membrane proteins are necessary for active transport. Essential knowledge 3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. 1. Membranes of neurons are polarized by the establishment of electrical potentials across the membranes. Na+/K+ pumps, powered by ATP, work to maintain membrane potential.

Endocytosis (phagocytosis)
Animation from: Name this kind of transport used by bacteria or protists to take in food or white blood cells to engulf bacteria Endocytosis (phagocytosis) Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. c. The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis move large molecules from the external environment to the internal environment and vice versa, respectively. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles derived from the plasma membrane

Image from: http://www. quia
Process by which water molecules move from higher to lower concentration across a selectively permeable membrane. Osmosis is _______ transport. Name the membrane channel proteins that help move water across membranes. osmosis passive aquaporins 2.B.2.a Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration 2.B.2.a.2. Membrane proteins play a role in facilitated diffusion of charged and polar molecules through a membrane 2.B.1.b.4 Water moves across membranes and through channel proteins called aquaporins

Look at the diagram showing sucrose COTRANSPORT Adding an ATP inhibitor would have what effect on sucrose transport into the cell? Movement of sucrose into cell is dependent on H+ ions moving down their concentration gradient. Without ATP to provide power to proton pumps that create the gradient by moving H+ out of the cell, there would be a decrease in H+ ions outside the cell This would decrease sucrose cotransport into the cell LO The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively is investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes. [See SP 1.4]

An artificial cell consisting of an aqueous solution enclosed in a selectively permeable membrane has just been immersed in a beaker containing a different solution. The membrane is permeable to water and to the simple sugars glucose and fructose, but completely impermeable to the disacchride sucrose. Which solute(s) will exhibit a net diffusion into the cell? Which solute(s) will exhibit a net diffusion out of the cell? fructose glucose 2.B.2.a.3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP 1.4]

Golgi Bodies ID this kind of transport EXOCYTOSIS
Substance is put in a vesicle and transported up to the cell membrane and released OUTSIDE INSIDE OUTSIDE CELL CELL Name an organelle that uses this kind of transport to transport substances Golgi Bodies 4.A.2 The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions provide essential cellular processes

Explain how contractile vacuoles function in osmoregulation in single celled protists. Organisms that live in fresh water (hypotonic) environments constantly have water entering their cells. Contractile vacuoles collect excess water and squeeze to release it back into pond to maintain the balance of ions and water. 2.B.2.a.3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP 1.4]

Use what you know about diffusion of
molecules to predict which way the oxygen and carbon dioxide will move in your body. O2 and CO2 are both able to move passively across cell membranes without assistance. Molecules always move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration O2 concentrations are higher in alveoli than in blood. CO2 concentrations are higher in the blood than in alveoli. O2 will move from alveoli into blood stream. CO2 will move from blood stream into alveoli. Essential knowledge 2.B.1: Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure. a. 4. Small, uncharged polar molecules and small nonpolar molecules, such as N2, freely pass across the membrane. Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Passive transport plays a primary role in the import of resources and the export of wastes. 4.B.2.2. Within multicellular organisms, specialization of organs contributes to the over all functioning of the organism Illustrative example: Exchange of gases LO 2.12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes. [See SP 1.4] .

This will cause a(n) _______ in turgor pressure.
Image from: Putting plant cells into a HYPOTONIC solution will cause water to __________ enter cell leave cell This will cause a(n) _______ in turgor pressure. Storing water in its _____________ provides the pressure to hold plant upright. enter cell increase central vacuole Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP1.4]

In which direction will there be a net osmotic movement of water?
An artificial cell consisting of an aqueous solution enclosed in a selectively permeable membrane has just been immersed in a beaker containing a different solution. The membrane is permeable to water and to the simple sugars glucose and fructose, but completely impermeable to the disaccharide sucrose. Which solution-the cell or the environment- is hypertonic to the other? In which direction will there be a net osmotic movement of water? Campbell Concept check Cell (0.05 M) is hypertonic to the environment (0.03 M) Net movement of water into the cell Essential knowledge 2.B.2. Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells LO 2.12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes. [See SP 1.4] Science Practice 2: The student can use mathematics appropriately. 2.2 The student can apply mathematical routines to quantities that describe natural phenomena.

Which of the molecules in this animation represent the ligand?
Image from: Which of the molecules in this animation represent the ligand? Which of these represent the receptor? This ligand is likely ____________ hydrophobic hydrophilic Red hexagon Yellow Hydrophilic Hydrophobic signal molecules can pass through plasma membrane Hydrophilic ones stay outside cell and pass their signal through surface receptors. Essential knowledge 3.D.3: Signal transduction pathways link signal reception with cellular response. a. Signaling begins with the recognition of a chemical messenger, a ligand, by a receptor protein. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. A receptor protein recognizes signal molecules, causing the receptor protein's shape to change, which initiates transduction of the signal. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • G-protein linked receptors LO 3.34 The student is able to construct explanations of cell communication through cell-to-cell contact or through chemical signaling. [See SP 6.2]

Give an example of a second messenger.
Explain how hydrophilic hormones differ from hydrophobic ones in their interaction with receptors Give an example of a second messenger. Hydrophilic hormones attach to receptors on the cell surface which pass the signal internally by interacting with other proteins (EX: G-proteins or tyrosine kinases) Hydrophobic hormones can pass through cell membranes and interact with intracellular receptors. Cyclic AMP (c-AMP) or Ca++

Campbell Concept check 7.3
If a Paramecium were to move from a hypotonic environment to an isotonic one, would contractile vacuole activity increase or decrease? WHY? It would decrease, because less water would be entering Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO 2.12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes. [See SP 1.4]

Which two molecules are the main components in cell plasma membranes?
What is the function of the plasma membrane? Phospholipids and proteins Control what enters and leaves cell compartmentalization (separates inside /outside) Essential knowledge 2.B.1: Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure. a. Cell membranes separate the internal environment of the cell from the external environment. b. Selective permeability is a direct consequence of membrane structure, as described by the fluid mosaic model. [See also 4.A.1] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Cell membranes consist of a structural framework of phospholipid molecules, embedded proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins and glycolipids. 2. Phospholipids give the membrane both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The hydrophilic phosphate portions of the phospholipids are oriented toward the aqueous external or internal environments, while the hydrophobic fatty acid portions face each other within the interior of the membrane itself.

Look at the diagram showing sucrose COTRANSPORT How might adding an inhibitor that blocks the regeneration of ATP impact sucrose transport into the cell? Movement of sucrose into cell is dependent on the H+ gradient created by the proton pumps which require ATP to pump H+ ions out of the cell. If availability of ATP is blocked no H+ gradient will be created and sucrose transport into cell will be decreased. Essential knowledge 2.B.2.b b. Active transport requires free energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Active transport is a process where free energy (often provided by ATP) is used by proteins embedded in the membrane to "move" molecules and/or ions across the membrane and to establish and maintain concentration gradients. 2. Membrane proteins are necessary for active transport.

This type of transport is called ___________
This type of transport is called ___________ It is a type of__________ transport active passive Endocytosis It’s a kind of bulk transport ACTIVE Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. c. The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis move large molecules from the external environment to the internal environment and vice versa, respectively. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles derived from the plasma membrane.

Graph from: http://www2. sluh
This graph shows data from potato cores placed in different concentrations of sucrose (A-E) for 80 min. Which solution contained a concentration equal to the concentration in the potatoes? EXPLAIN hypertonic C- potatoes in this solution didn’t change mass because potatoes were in a solution that was isotonic (concentration in solution = concentration in potatoes Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP1.4]

EXOCYTOSIS Golgi Bodies
ID the kind of transport shown EXOCYTOSIS Substance is put in a vesicle and transported up to the cell membrane and released OUTSIDE INSIDE OUTSIDE CELL CELL Name an organelle that uses this kind of transport Golgi Bodies Essential knowledge 2.B.2: c. The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis move large molecules from the external environment to the internal environment and vice versa, respectively. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. In exocytosis, internal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane to secrete large macromolecules out of the cell. 2. In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles derived from the plasma membrane.

Tell if the transport is ACTIVE or PASSIVE
Facilitated diffusion with carrier proteins __________ Facilitated diffusion with aquaporins _____________ Na+ - K+ pump ________ Diffusion _________ Endocytosis _______ Exocytosis ___________ Facilitated diffusion with channel proteins ___________ Proton pumps _______ Receptor mediated endocytosis__________ PASSIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. b. Active transport requires free energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration.

hypertonic crenation shrink Black dots represent dissolved solute.
This diagram represents a animal cell in a _______________ solution. hypotonic isotonic hypertonic hypertonic This cell will probably ___________ shrink swell & burst stay the same size This process is called _____________ shrink crenation Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes

____________ transport can move molecules AGAINST the concentration gradient.
Active Passive ____________ transport does not require energy from ATP. ACTIVE PASSIVE Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. b. Active transport requires free energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration

Describe the 3 steps that make up a signal transduction pathway 1. 2.
Describe the 3 steps that make up a signal transduction pathway 1. 2. 3. RECEPTION- ligand binds to receptor that matches like “lock and key” TRANSDUCTION- signal is passed into the cell and amplified RESPONSE- Enzymes are activated to produce a chemical change or transcription of a gene is turned on Essential knowledge 3.D.3: Signal transduction pathways link signal reception with cellular response. a. Signaling begins with the recognition of a chemical messenger, a ligand, by a receptor protein. b. Signal transduction is the process by which a signal is converted to a cellular response. LO 3.36 The student is able to describe a model that expresses the key elements of signal transduction pathways by which a signal is converted to a cellular response. [See SP 1.5]

____________ transport can moves molecules DOWN the concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to low concentration Active Passive __________ transport requires energy from ATP. PASSIVE ACTIVE Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. b. Active transport requires free energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration

If ATP breakdown (hydrolysis) was inhibited which of these kinds of transport would be disrupted?
____ Release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft ____ Cotransport of sucrose into a cell ____ Movement of H+ ions into the intermembrane space in a mitochondrion during electron transport _____ Movement of water into cell via aquaporins X X X PASSIVE Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. b. Active transport requires free energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration.

ENDOCYTOSIS ID this type of transport PINOCYTOSIS
ENDOCYTOSIS Substance is transported INTO cell inside a vesicle If these green/blue dots represent small molecule or fluids this would be called __________________ PINOCYTOSIS Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. c. The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis move large molecules from the external environment to the internal environment and vice versa, respectively. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles derived from the plasma membrane.

____________ are enzymes that add phosphate groups to other molecules.
____________________ are enzymes that remove phosphate groups. KINASES PHOSPHODIESTERASES

Ψ = Ψs + Ψp Ψs = -iCRT Explain what the symbols and letters in the water potential equations stand for. Ψ = ____________ Ψs = __________________ Ψp = ___________________ i = __________________ C= _______________________ R= _______________________ T = _______________________ Water potential Solute potential Pressure potential Ionization constant = 1 for molecules that don’t ionize (glucose);2 if they do (NaCl) Concentration (moles) Water potential constant = Temperature °K (add temp to 273) LO The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP 1.4]

isotonic Black dots in this diagram represent dissolved solutes.
This diagram represents an animal cell in a _________ solution. isotonic It will probably ______________ Undergo cytolysis Undergo plasmolysis stay the same size stay the same size Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP1.4]

Smallest cell has largest SA/vol ratio.
Image from: Which of these cells would have the greatest surface area/volume ratio? Smallest cell has largest SA/vol ratio. Essential knowledge 2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. b. Surface area-to-volume ratios affect a biological system's ability to obtain necessary resources or eliminate waste products. 1. As cells increase in volume, the relative surface area decreases and demand for material resources increases; more cellular structures are necessary to adequately exchange materials and energy with the environment. These limitations restrict cell size. 2. The surface area of the plasma membrane must be large enough to adequately exchange materials; smaller cells have a more favorable surface area-to-volume ratio for exchange of materials with the environment. LO 2.6 The student is able to use calculated surface area-to-volume ratios to predict which cell(s) might eliminate wastes or procure nutrients faster by diffusion. [See SP 2.2] LO 2.7 Students will be able to explain how cell size and shape affect the overall rate of nutrient intake and the rate of waste elimination. [See SP 6.2]

HOW are pumps different from facilitated diffusion carriers and channels?
Pumps require energy (active transport) and carriers and channels don’t need energy (passive transport) Pumps can move molecules against their gradient (low →high) Carriers/channels move down the gradient (high → low) 2.B.2.a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration 2.B.2.a.2. Membrane proteins play a role in facilitated diffusion of charged and polar molecules through a membrane 2.B.2.b. Active transport requires free energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration 2.B.2.B.2. Membrane proteins are necessary for active transport.

If a Paramecium were to move from a hypertonic environment to an hypotonic one, would contractile vacuole activity increase or decrease? WHY? Campbell Concept check 7.3 It would increase, because more water would be entering Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO 2.12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes. [See SP 1.4]

hypotonic cytolysis Swell & burst
Black dots represent dissolved solute. This diagram represents a animal cell in a _______________ solution. hypotonic isotonic hypertonic hypotonic This cell will probably ___________ shrink swell & burst stay the same size This process is called _____________ Swell & burst cytolysis Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells.

Will water move into or out of this kind of fish? HYPER
Image from: Ocean water has a greater concentration of dissolved solutes than the organisms that live there so salt water fish live in a _______tonic environment hypo hyper iso Will water move into or out of this kind of fish? HYPER Greater concentration of solute molecules outside than in the fish’s cells Water will leave the fish’s cells Salt water fish rarely urinate and actively pump ions out through their gills to maintain homeostasis. Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO 2.12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes. [See SP 1.4]

Ψ = Ψs + Ψp Ψs = -iCRT What is the WATER potential for a GLUCOSE solution that is 0.1M in an open beaker at 22°C? Ψs = -iCRT - (1) (0.0831) (0.1) (295) = bars Ψs = 0 in open beaker Ψ = Ψs + Ψp = = bars LO The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP 1.4]

The cell membrane will probably ________________
Black dots represent dissolved solute. This diagram represents a plant cell in a _______________ solution. hypotonic isotonic hypertonic hypertonic The cell membrane will probably ________________ shrink away from the cell wall swell & burst stay the same size The osmotic pressure in this cell ____________ increase decrease This process is called _________________ shrink away from the cell wall decrease plasmolysis Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP1.4]

Which of these require energy from ATP? Which don’t require energy?
Give some examples some different kinds of membrane proteins that help move molecules across cell membranes Which of these require energy from ATP? Which don’t require energy? Carrier proteins, ion channels, aquaporins, pumps (gated not gated) passive passive passive active 2.B.2.a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration 2.B.2.a.2. Membrane proteins play a role in facilitated diffusion of charged and polar molecules through a membrane 2.B.2.b. Active transport requires free energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration 2.B.2.B.2. Membrane proteins are necessary for active transport.

ID these examples of transport
Which of these are passive? Active? Simple diffusion No protein helper Channel protein Tunnel no shape change Carrier protein Protein helper shape change All are passive 2.B.2.a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration 2.B.2.a.2. Membrane proteins play a role in facilitated diffusion of charged and polar molecules through a membrane 2.B.2.b. Active transport requires free energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration 2.B.2.B.2. Membrane proteins are necessary for active transport.

Which kind of membrane protein used to move H+ ions to cross membranes against their gradient?
Proton pump Which kind of membrane protein that moves Ca++ or Cl- passively across membranes Ion channels 2.B.2.a. Membrane proteins play a role in facilitated diffusion of charged and polar molecules through a membrane.

Black dots represent dissolved solute
Black dots represent dissolved solute. This diagram represents an plant cell in a _______________ solution. hypotonic isotonic hypertonic hypotonic The osmotic pressure in this cell ____________ increase decrease What prevents plant cells from undergoing cytolysis? increase They have a study cell wall surrounding the cell Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP1.4]

exocytosis ACTIVE Golgi body (complex)
This type of transport is called _______________ It is a type of__________ transport active passive Name the cell part that uses this kind of transport for the export of molecules out of cells. exocytosis ACTIVE Golgi body (complex) Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. c. The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis move large molecules from the external environment to the internal environment and vice versa, respectively. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: . 1. In exocytosis, internal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane to secrete large macromolecules out of the cell.

This graph shows data from potato cores placed in different concentrations of sucrose (A-E) for 80 min. Which solution contained the greatest concentration of sucrose? EXPLAIN hypertonic E- potatoes in this solution lost the most mass. Solution with the most solute concentration compared to the potatoes has a lower Ψ compared to the potatoes and water from the potatoes will move toward it casing the greatest % mass change. Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP1.4]

ENDOCYTOSIS ID this kind of transport
ENDOCYTOSIS Substance is transported INTO cell inside a vesicle If the green square represents a large molecule or a whole cell this would be called _______________ PHAGOCYTOSIS Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. c. The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis move large molecules from the external environment to the internal environment and vice versa, respectively. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles derived from the plasma membrane.

Look at the diagram showing sucrose COTRANSPORT Decreasing the extracellular sucrose concentration would have what effect on sucrose transport into the cell? If there is less sucrose available for transport this would decrease the amount of sucrose moving into the cell LO The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively is investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes. [See SP 1.4]

The cell membrane will probably ________________
Black dots represent dissolved solute.This diagram represents a plant cell in a _______________ solution. hypotonic isotonic hypertonic hypertonic The cell membrane will probably ________________ shrink away from the cell wall swell & burst stay the same size The osmotic pressure in this cell ____________ increase decrease This process is called _________________ shrink away from the cell wall decrease plasmolysis Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP1.4]

Black dots represent dissolved solute.
This diagram represents a plant cell in a _________ solution. hypotonic isotonic hypertonic hypotonic Water will ________ this plant cell enter leave The osmotic pressure in this cell ____________ increase decrease What keeps a plant cell from swelling and bursting? enter increase Plant cells are surrounded by a rigid cell wall Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells.

Calculate the following for DISTILLED WATER in an open beaker
Ψs = _____ Ψp = _____ Ψ = _____ Adding sugar to the water in this beaker will __________ the Ψs. increase decrease DECREASE Science Practice 2: The student can use mathematics appropriately. 2.2 The student can apply mathematical routines to quantities that describe natural phenomena. LO 2.12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes. [See SP 1.4]

Explain how the structure and chemical properties of a substance determine whether it will be able to cross a cell membrane on its own or will require the help of a membrane protein or vesicle. Molecules that are small and non-polar can pass easily across membranes by simple diffusion. Molecules that are large or polar or have an electric charge (like ions) can’t pass through the hydrophobic phospholipid tails and require help. LO 2.10 The student is able to use representations and models to connect the movement of molecules across membranes with membrane structures and function [ See SP 1.1, 7.1, 7.2] 2.B.1.b. Small, uncharged polar molecules and small nonpolar molecules such as as N2, freely pass across the membrane. Hydrophilic substances such as large polar molecules and ions move across the membrane through embedded channel and transport proteins. Water moves across membranes and through channel proteins called aquaporins

STUDY BREAK!

Image from: https://marilynemathew. files. wordpress
How does the cell surface area/volume ratio differ in these two diagrams? EXPLAIN the relationship of SA/vol ratio to transport and cell division. As cells increase in size both surface area and volume increase, but volume increases at a greater rate than surface area. SA/Vol ratio decreases as cell grows bigger OR larger cell has smaller SA/Vol ratio than small cell Transport across membranes depends on SA; Demand for resources depends on Volume It’s more difficult for larger cells to move substances across cell membrane fast enough to supply cell’s needs; Small cells can transport substances faster than larger cells Small SA/vol ratio can be trigger for mitosis Essential knowledge 2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. b. Surface area-to-volume ratios affect a biological system's ability to obtain necessary resources or eliminate waste products. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. As cells increase in volume, the relative surface area decreases and demand for material resources increases; more cellular structures are necessary to adequately exchange materials and energy with the environment. These limitations restrict cell size. 2. The surface area of the plasma membrane must be large enough to adequately exchange materials; smaller cells have a more favorable surface area-to-volume ratio for exchange of materials with the environment. Learning Objectives: [See SP 2.2] LO 2.7 Students will be able to explain how cell size and shape affect the overall rate of nutrient intake and the rate of waste elimination. [See SP 6.2]

Na+ - K + pump animal ID this type of transport
Energy from ATP is used to move 3 Na + ions OUT of the cell and carry 2 K + ions INTO the cell This pump is the main electrogenic pump used in ______________ cells. plant animal animal

____ Movement of oxygen from alveoli into blood stream ____ Facilitated diffusion of glucose into a cell ____ Setting membrane potential on a nerve cell with Na+-K+ pump ____ Movement of Na+ into nerve cell when it is depolarized PASSIVE PASSIVE X PASSIVE Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. b. Active transport requires free energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration.

This graph shows data from potato cores placed in different concentrations of sucrose (A-E) for 80 min. Which solution contained the lowest concentration of sucrose? EXPLAIN hypertonic A- potatoes in this solution showed the greatest % mass change. Solution with the least solute concentration compared to the potatoes has a higher highest Ψ than the potatoes and water will move into potatoes causing them to gain mass. Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP1.4]

Which of these require energy? Which don’t?
Name a kind of transport that uses vesicles to move substances across a membrane Which of these require energy? Which don’t? exocytosis endocytosis receptor mediated endocytosis (pinocytosis & phagocytosis) All of these require energy 2.B.2.b. Active transport requires free energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration 2.B.2.c The process of endocytosis and exocytosis move large molecules from the external environment to the internal environment and vice versa, respectively Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: In exocytosis, internal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane to secrete large molecules out of the cell In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules and particular matter by forming new vesicles derived from the plasma membrane.

The volume of both of these “cells” is the same. = 8 cm3
Which would have the largest SA/vol ratio? 2cm X 2cm X 2cm 1cm X 1cm X 8cm 1cm X 1cm X 8cm cell- It has more surface area for the same volume. Essential knowledge 2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. b. Surface area-to-volume ratios affect a biological system's ability to obtain necessary resources or eliminate waste products. 1. As cells increase in volume, the relative surface area decreases and demand for material resources increases; more cellular structures are necessary to adequately exchange materials and energy with the environment. These limitations restrict cell size. 2. The surface area of the plasma membrane must be large enough to adequately exchange materials; smaller cells have a more favorable surface area-to-volume ratio for exchange of materials with the environment. LO 2.6 The student is able to use calculated surface area-to-volume ratios to predict which cell(s) might eliminate wastes or procure nutrients faster by diffusion. [See SP 2.2] LO 2.7 Students will be able to explain how cell size and shape affect the overall rate of nutrient intake and the rate of waste elimination. [See SP 6.2]

B In what way do the various membranes of a eukaryotic cell differ?
A. Phospholipids are found only in certain membranes B. Certain proteins are unique to each membrane C. Only certain membranes of the cell are selectively permeable. D. Only certain membranes are constructed from amphipathic molecules E. Some membranes have hydrophobic surfaces exposed to the cytoplasm; while others have hydrophilic surfaces facing the cytoplasm. Campbell Concept check B

____ Release of Ca++ ions from sarcoplasmic reticulum when a muscle cell is triggered to contract ____ Passage of a solute against it’s gradient ____ Transport of chromosomes along mitotic spindle by motor proteins during mitosis _____ Influx of Ca++ ions at the synaptic terminal in response to depolarization of a nerve cell PASSIVE X X PASSIVE Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. b. Active transport requires free energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration.

A freshwater fish has about 1% salt in his body.
Fresh water is close to 0% salt. Will water move into or out of this kind of fish? Freshwater is HYPOTONIC compared to fish’s cells. Water will move INTO the fish’s cells Freshwater fish must urinate frequently and actively pump ions in through their gills to maintain homeostasis. Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO 2.12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes. [See SP 1.4]

Ψ = Ψs + Ψp Ψs = -iCRT What is the SOLUTE potential for a 0.5M solution of SODIUM CHLORIDE at 10°C that is in an open beaker?! Ψs = -iCRT i=2 because NaCl ionizes = - (2) (0.0831) (0.5) (283) = bars LO The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP 1.4]

MAKE CONNECTIONS: Transport, Water Potential, Cell signaling
Vibrio cholerae is a bacterium that causes death as a result of severe vomiting and diarrhea. When cholera toxin is released by the bacteria in the intestine, it binds to a receptor on the surface of epithelial cells lining the intestine and is taken into the intestinal cells via endocytosis. Once inside the cell, the toxin activates the G protein, locking it into to GTP-bound form, causing adenylate cyclase to continually make cAMP. High cAMP levels activate the cystic fibrosis transmembrane transport protein which causes a dramatic release of Cl- ions into the intestinal lumen. EXPLAIN why this would cause diarrhea.

Patients die of severe dehydration from diarrhea.
MAKE CONNECTIONS: Transport, Water Potential, Cell signaling SOLUTE SUCKS. Huge efflux of ions out of cell into intestinal lumen pulls water along with it. Patients die of severe dehydration from diarrhea. Essential knowledge 3.D.4: Changes in signal transduction pathways can alter cellular response. a. Conditions where signal transduction is blocked or defective can be deleterious, preventative or prophylactic. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Diabetes, heart disease, neurological disease, autoimmune disease, cancer, cholera LO 3.38 The student is able to describe a model that expresses key elements to show how change in signal transduction can alter cellular response. [See SP 1.5]

Draw a picture of a simple reflex arc.
Label the sensory neuron, motor neuron, afferent neuron, efferent neuron, interneuron, spinal cord, receptor, and motor end plate. Use arrows to show the direction of the impulse. EXPLAIN what happens LO 3.43 The student is able to construct an explanation, based on scientific theories and models, about how nervous systems detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. [See SP 6.2, 7.1] LO 3.44 The student is able to describe how nervous systems detect external and internal signals. [See SP 1.2] LO 3.45 The student is able to describe how nervous systems transmit information. [See SP 1.2] LO 3.46 The student is able to describe how the vertebrate brain integrates information to produce a response. [See SP 1.2] LO 3.47 The student is able to create a visual representation of complex nervous systems to describe/explain how these systems detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. [See SP 1.1] LO 3.48 The student is able to create a visual representation to describe how nervous systems detect external and internal signals. [See SP 1.1]

Image from: http://image. tutorvista
REFLEX ARC AUTOMATIC RESPONSE INVOLVING SMALL NUMBER OF NERVES AND SPINAL CORD RECEPTORS in skin detect stimulus (heat, pin prick, etc) Message travels via SENSORY (AFFERENT) nerve to SPINAL CORD Passes through INTERNEURON in SPINAL CORD to MOTOR (EFFERENT) NERVE Travels via MOTOR NERVE to MOTOR END PLATE in muscle to produce response (move finger)

Ψ = Ψs + Ψp Ψs = -iCRT What is the WATER potential for a GLUCOSE solution that is 0.1M in an open beaker at 22°C? Ψs = -iCRT - (1) (0.0831) (0.1) (295) = bars Ψs = 0 in open beaker Ψ = Ψs + Ψp = = bars LO The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP 1.4]

What will happen to the potato core in beaker 1? EXPLAIN
Which beaker with potato cores is at equilibrium? What is the water potential (Ψ) of the potato core in beaker #1? What will happen to the potato core in beaker 1? EXPLAIN Beaker 2 is at equilibrium Ψ in Beaker 2 =0 bars Ψ of Potato core (Ψs + Ψp) = (-0.5) = 0 bars Ψ of Potato core (Ψs + Ψp) = (-0.5) = bars Potatoes in Beaker 1 will gain mass. Distilled water has Ψ = 0 Potatoes have a Ψ = > Water moves from higher Ψ to lower Ψ Water will enter potato Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP1.4]

When epinephrine binds to cardiac muscle (heart) cells, it speeds up their contraction. When it binds to muscle cells of the small intestine it inhibits their contraction. How can the same hormone have different effects on muscle cells? The two types of muscle cells have different signal transduction pathways for epinephrine and so have different cellular responses. Essential knowledge 3.D.3: Signal transduction pathways link signal reception with cellular response

Identify the parts that are hydrophobic and hydrophilic.
Draw the shape of a phospholipid and identify the parts that are polar and non-polar. Identify the parts that are hydrophobic and hydrophilic. How does adding unsaturated fatty acids change the shape of the molecule and impact membrane fluidity? 4.A.1.a.3. In general, lipids are nonpolar; however phospholipids exhibit structural properties , with polar regions that interact with other polar molecules such as water, and with nonpolar regions where differences in saturation determine the structure and function of lipids Essential knowledge 4.C.1: Variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. a. Variations within molecular classes provide cells and organisms with a wider range of functions. [See also 2.B.1, 3.A.1, 4.A.1, 4.A.2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Different types of phospholipids in cell membranes : LO 4.22 The student is able to construct explanations based on evidence of how variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. [See SP 6.2]

HEAD = polar/hydrophilic
Image from: HEAD = polar/hydrophilic TAILS = non-polar/hydrophobic Unsaturated fatty acids put “kinks” in the tails; They pack less tightly together in membrane; Increase fluidity Plants that can tolerated cold and fish that live in cold places have more unsaturated FA’s in their phospholipids 4.A.1.a.3. In general, lipids are nonpolar; however phospholipids exhibit structural properties , with polar regions that interact with other polar molecules such as water, and with nonpolar regions where differences in saturation determine the structure and function of lipids Essential knowledge 4.C.1: Variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. a. Variations within molecular classes provide cells and organisms with a wider range of functions. [See also 2.B.1, 3.A.1, 4.A.1, 4.A.2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Different types of phospholipids in cell membranes : LO 4.22 The student is able to construct explanations based on evidence of how variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. [See SP 6.2]

Draw a picture of a nerve axon and show how the two kinds of Na+/K+ transporters work together to polarize and depolarize a nerve cell. Which of these transporters is active/passive? 3.E.2.b. 2. In response to a stimulus, Na+ and K+ gated channels sequentially open and cause the membrane to become locally depolarized. 3.E.2.b.3. Na+/K+ pumps, powered by ATP, work to maintain membrane potential.

POLARIZATION Na + - K+ pumps
Set potential on membrane More + outside than in ACTIVE TRANSPORT requires energy PASSIVE TRANSPORT No energy needed Move down gradient from [high] → [low] DEPOLARIZATION Ion channels allow Na + and K+ to return to where they started

Animations from: http://bio. winona. edu/berg/ANIMTNS/facdifan
Identify this type of transport and the membrane protein involved that grabs a molecule, changes shape, and flips it across to other side like a revolving door. Tell a molecule that might move this way in cells. This is a kind of ________ transport. ACTIVE PASSIVE FACILITATED DIFFUSION with a CARRIER PROTEIN glucose PASSIVE Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Passive transport plays a primary role in the import of resources and the export of wastes. 2. Membrane proteins play a role in facilitated diffusion of charged and polar molecules through a membrane. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Glucose transport

What other molecules can be found in cell membranes?
Draw a diagram of a typical biological membrane including the lipid bilayer and both integral and peripheral proteins. Label your diagram and GIVE AN EXAMPLE of an integral and a peripheral protein you learned about. What other molecules can be found in cell membranes? 2.B.1.b.1. Cell membranes consist of a structural frame work of phospholipid molecules, embedded proteins, and cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. 2.B.1.b.2 Phospholipids give the membrane both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The hydrophilic phosphate portions of the phospholipids are oriented toward the aqueous external or internal environments, while the hydrophobic fatty acids portions face each other within the interior of the membrane itself

Peripheral proteins- G protein Last ETC protein
Integral proteins: transport proteins (ion channels, carriers, aquaporins, ATP synthase ) .

Other molecules in cell membranes
Glycoproteins Glycolipids Cholesterol (animals)

A; sticks into the membrane
Which of these proteins is an integral protein? A; sticks into the membrane 2.B.1.b.1 Cell membranes consist of a structural framework of phospholipid molecules, embedded proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.

Identify the parts that are hydrophobic and hydrophilic.
Draw the shape of a phospholipid and identify the parts that are polar and non-polar. Identify the parts that are hydrophobic and hydrophilic. How does the structure of phospholipids lead to the formation of cell membranes and their selectively permeable characteristics. 4.A.1.a.3. In general, lipids are nonpolar; however phospholipids exhibit structural properties , with polar regions that interact with other polar molecules such as water, and with nonpolar regions where differences in saturation determine the structure and function of lipids 2.B.1.b.2 Phospholipids give the membrane both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The hydrophilic phosphate portions of the phospholipids are oriented toward the aqueous external or internal environments, while the hydrophobic fatty acids portions face each other within the interior of the membrane itself

HEAD = polar/hydrophilic
TAILS = non-polar/hydrophobic Phospholipids associate with phobic tails toward inside and polar heads to outside touching water. Phobic tails keep polar molecules/ions from passing through without help (ion channels, carriers, etc). Small non-polar molecules can pass through without help.

GATED ION CHANNELS for Na+ and K+
Which type of transport is used to create the membrane potential on a nerve cell? How are the charges distributed across a nerve cell membrane once this membrane potential is created? Which type of transport is used to depolarize the nerve cell when it receives a stimulus? Na+ - K+ pump Pumps 3 Na+ ions out of cell and 2 K+ ions into cell creates an electro-chemical gradient across cell membrane. So outside is more positive, inside is more negative GATED ION CHANNELS for Na+ and K+ 3.E.2.b. 1. Membranes of neurons are polarized by the establishment of electrical potentials across the membranes. 2. In response to a stimulus, Na+ and K+ gated channels sequentially open and cause the membrane to become locally depolarized. 3. Na+/K+ pumps, powered by ATP, work to maintain membrane potential. LO 3.43 The student is able to construct an explanation, based on scientific theories and models, about how nervous systems detect external and internal s signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. [See SP 6.2, 7.1] LO 3.45 The student is able to describe how nervous systems transmit information. [See SP 1.2]

http://msfeucht. blogspot. com/2010/08/homeostasis-and-lipid-bilayer
STUDY BREAK!

Cholesterol can be called a “temperature buffer” because at higher temperatures (like body temp) it makes the phospholipids ________ fluid by restraining their movements less more At lower temperatures cholesterol hinders the close packing of phospholipids so it __________ the temperature required for membranes to solidify. lowers raises less lowers Essential knowledge 4.C.1: Variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. a. Variations within molecular classes provide cells and organisms with a wider range of functions. [See also 2.B.1, 3.A.1, 4.A.1, 4.A.2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Different types of phospholipids in cell membranes LO 4.22 The student is able to construct explanations based on evidence of how variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. [See SP 6.2]

= -24.51 bars Ψ = (Ψp) + (Ψs) Ψs = - iCRT
Ψ = (Ψp) + (Ψs) Ψs = - iCRT Calculate the (Ψs) following for a solution of 0.5 M NaCl at 22 °C Ψs = = - (2) (0.5) ( ) (273+22) = bars Science Practice 2: The student can use mathematics appropriately. 2.2 The student can apply mathematical routines to quantities that describe natural phenomena. LO 2.12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes. [See SP 1.4]

Proton pumps move which kind of ion across membranes ? H+ ions
Proton pumps move which kind of ion across membranes ? H+ ions Why are H+ ions called protons? A hydrogen atom has 1 proton and 1 electron. If the atom loses its electron and becomes an ion, all that is left is the proton. Pumping H+ ions into a space ________ its pH decreases increases decreases Name a cell part that you would expect to have numerous proton pumps in its membrane? Lysosomes are acidic inside to help digest molecules, unwanted cell parts, etc Essential knowledge 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes LO 4.4 The student is able to make a prediction about the interactions of subcellular organelles. [See SP 6.4]

Neurotransmitters move across the synaptic cleft by which kind of transport? This is a kind of _____________ passive active Give an example of a neurotransmitter Simple diffusion passive Acetylcholine , Epinephrine, Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin, GABA Essential knowledge 3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. c. Transmission of information between neurons occurs across synapses. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. In most animals, transmission across synapses involves chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Acetylcholine • Epinephrine • Norepinephrine • Dopamine • Serotonin • GABA LO 3.44 The student is able to describe how nervous systems detect external and internal signals. [See SP 1.2] LO 3.45 The student is able to describe how nervous systems transmit information. [See SP 1.2]

ISOTONIC HYPERTONIC HYPOTONIC
The diagrams below represent a cell in a solution. Dots represent solute. Label the tonicity of the solution compared to the cell. Add arrows to show the net movement of water across the membrane. HYPERTONIC ISOTONIC HYPOTONIC Essential knowledge 2.B.2. Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells LO 2.12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes. [See SP 1.4] .

Ψ = (Ψs + Ψp) = (-11.03) + 0 = -11.03 bars
Ψ = Ψs + Ψp Ψs = -iCRT Calculate the water potential (Ψ) of the carrot cores in sucrose at 22 °C . Ψ s = -(1) (0.45) ( ) (273+22) = bars Ψ = (Ψs + Ψp) = (-11.03) + 0 = bars Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP1.4]

Draw a diagram showing the action potential of a nerve cell
Draw a diagram showing the action potential of a nerve cell. Label polarization and depolarization. Identify what is happening to the Na+ and K+ channels on different parts of the curve. Essential knowledge 3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. b. Action potentials propagate impulses along neurons. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Membranes of neurons are polarized by the establishment of electrical potentials across the membranes. 2. In response to a stimulus, Na+ and K+ gated channels sequentially open and cause the membrane to become locally depolarized.

Draw a diagram showing the action potential of a nerve cell
Draw a diagram showing the action potential of a nerve cell. Label polarization and depolarization. Identify what is happening to the Na+ and K+ channels during the process.

This kind of transport is _____________ passive active
This type of transport which moves Na+ and K+ ions to opposite sides of the plasma membrane is called a __________________ Na+ - K+ pump ACTIVE This kind of transport is _____________ passive active How are Na+ - K+ pumps used in sending a nerve signal? Na+ - K+ pumps create the membrane potential by pumping 3 Na+ ions out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell. After the membrane depolarizes Na+ - K+ pumps reset the membrane potential. 3.E.2.b.1. Membranes of neurons are polarized by the establishment of electrical potentials across the membrane. 3.E.2.b.3 Na+ - K+ pumps, powered by ATP, work to maintain membrane potential LO 3.45 The student is able to describe how nervous systems transmit information

Endocytosis (phagocytosis)
Animation from: Name this kind of transport used by single celled protists to take in food or white blood cells to engulf bacteria. This is a kind of transport is ___________ active passive Endocytosis (phagocytosis) ACTIVE Essential knowledge 2.B.2:.b Active transport requires free energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. 1. Active transport is a process where free energy (often provided by ATP) is used by proteins embedded in the membrane to "move" molecules and/or ions across the membrane and to establish and maintain concentration gradients.

ACTIVE The voltage across a membrane is called __________________
The main electrogenic pump in animal cells is the ___________ pump. This type of transport is____________ passive active membrane potential Na + - K+ ACTIVE Essential knowledge 3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. a. 3. Na+/K+ pumps, powered by ATP, work to maintain membrane potential.

http://www. phschool. com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab1/quiz
Ψ = (Ψp) + (Ψs) Ψs = - iCRT What is the water potential of the distilled water? What is the water potential of the beet core? Which way will water move? Ψ = = 0 bars Ψ = = -0.2 bars From higher Ψ to lower Ψ - move from distilled (0) in beaker into beet core (-0.2) Essential knowledge 2.B.2. Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells LO 2.12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes. [See SP 1.4] Science Practice 2: The student can use mathematics appropriately. 2.2 The student can apply mathematical routines to quantities that describe natural phenomena.

Gated ion channel ligands Electrical signal
This type of transport which opens in response to a signal and forms a “tunnel” through the membrane to let ions in and out is called a(n) __________________ Chemical signals that can open the gate are called ____________ Tell another type of signal that could open the gate Gated ion channel ligands Electrical signal Essential knowledge 2.B.2.a: 1. Passive transport plays a primary role in the import of resources and the export of wastes. 2. Membrane proteins play a role in facilitated diffusion of charged and polar molecules through a membrane. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Na+/K+ transport

https://s-media-cache-ak0. pinimg
STUDY BREAK!

Think about membranes and transport.
MAKE A CONNECTION Think about membranes and transport. What might the folding of the cristae membranes have to do with the ability to move H+ ions across the cristae and make ATP? SEM Image by: Folding creates more surface area for transport of H+ ions across the membrane creating more ATP when it returns through ATP synthase Essential knowledge 2.B.3: Eukaryotic cells maintain internal membranes that partition the cell into specialized regions. a. Internal membranes facilitate cellular processes by minimizing competing interactions and by increasing surface area where reactions can occur. Essential knowledge 2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. b. Surface area-to-volume ratios affect a biological system's ability to obtain necessary resources or eliminate waste products. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. As cells increase in volume, the relative surface area decreases and demand for material resources increases; more cellular structures are necessary to adequately exchange materials and energy with the environment. These limitations restrict cell size.

Fluid mosaic The currently accepted model that describes cell
Animation from: Click here to See Fluidity The currently accepted model that describes cell membranes as the arrangement of constantly moving proteins embedded in or attached to a bilayer or phospholipids is called the ____________ model Fluid mosaic Essential knowledge 2.B.1: Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure. b. Selective permeability is a direct consequence of membrane structure, as described by the fluid mosaic model. [See also 4.A.1] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Cell membranes consist of a structural framework of phospholipid molecules, embedded proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins and glycolipids.

FROM: http://www. phschool
Essential knowledge 2.B.2. Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells LO 2.12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes. [See SP 1.4] Science Practice 2: The student can use mathematics appropriately The student can apply mathematical routines to quantities that describe natural phenomena.

sodium-potassium pump is NOT considered a cotransporter.
Explain why the sodium-potassium pump is NOT considered a cotransporter. Each ion is being transported AGAINST its gradient. If either ion were flowing DOWN its electrochemical gradient, this would be co-transport. Co-transport couples the movement of one substance down its gradient with one moving up. Campbell concept check 7.4 Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. b. Active transport requires free energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Active transport is a process where free energy (often provided by ATP) is used by proteins embedded in the membrane to "move" molecules and/or ions across the membrane and to establish and maintain concentration gradients.

Interlocking mesh of fibrous proteins found outside the cell membrane; made up of glycoproteins, glycolipids, & collagen Extracellular matrix VOCAB

The process by which molecules MOVE
from an area of HIGHER concentration to an area of LOWER concentration diffusion VOCAB

hypotonic Solution in which the solute concentration outside
the cell is LESS than inside Animal cells placed in this liquid will ______________ swell and burst shrink stay same size hypotonic swell & burst

The shrinking away of the cell membrane from the cell wall in a plant cell when placed in a HYPERTONIC environment plasmolysis Membrane proteins that help move molecules across cell membranes are _______ proteins integral peripheral integral

isotonic Solution in which the
solute concentration outside and inside the cell is equal isotonic Osmosis and diffusion both move molecules from a______________________ concentration. lower to higher higher to lower higher to lower

_____________________ Integral proteins
Proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic core of a membrane are called _________________ Living things must control the balance of water and ions in their tissues. This is called _____________________ Integral proteins Osmoregulation (kind of homeostasis) STUDY BREAK! Image from:

An environment in which the concentration of solutes outside and inside the cell are equal is
called _________________ An animal cell placed in this type of environment will _____________________ swell & burst shrink stay the same size The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane is called _________________ isotonic stay the same size osmosis

This is a kind of ______ transport passive active
Images from: Neurotransmitters moving across the synaptic cleft pass the signal to the postsynaptic neuron by triggering a receptor (B). What kind of transport protein is this? This is a kind of ______ transport passive active What will happen next? Ligand gated ion channel passive Influx of Na+ ions depolarizes the membrane. Na+ rush in and K+ ions rush out. This wave is passed along the axon to the next synapse Essential knowledge 3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. 2. The structure of the neuron allows for the detection, generation, transmission and integration of signal information. b. Action potentials propagate impulses along neurons. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. In response to a stimulus, Na+ and K+ gated channels sequentially open and cause the membrane to become locally depolarized. LO 3.44 The student is able to describe how nervous systems detect external and internal signals. [See SP 1.2] LO 3.45 The student is able to describe how nervous systems transmit information. [See SP 1.2]

An environment in which the concentration of solutes is greater outside the cell than inside is
called _________________ An animal cell placed in this type of environment will _____________________ swell & burst shrink stay the same size Membrane transport that requires energy is called ________________ hypertonic shrink ACTIVE

glycolipids The Na+-K+ pump in animals causes the
cytoplasm inside cells to be more ___________ than the surrounding extracellular fluid negative positive Membrane lipids with carbohydrates attached are called ____________________ In passive transport molecules always move ___________ their concentration gradient. down up negative glycolipids DOWN

OSMOTIC NEGATIVE higher lower
SOLUTE POTENTIAL is also called ______________POTENTIAL Adding solute makes the solute potential of a solution more ___________ positive negative ΨΨ Water is more likely to flow from an area of ________ water potential to an area of ________ water potential. lower higher OSMOTIC NEGATIVE higher lower Essential knowledge 2.B.2. Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells LO 2.12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes. [See SP 1.4] .

Used by Golgi bodies to release exported proteins Creates the acidic environment inside lysosomes Moves molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration Moves H+ ions into the intermembrane space during cellular respiration Releases neurotransmitters into the synapse ACTIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE ACTIVE Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. c. The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis move large molecules from the external environment to the internal environment and vice versa, respectively. 1. In exocytosis, internal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane to secrete large macromolecules out of the cell. Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. b. Active transport requires free energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration.

An environment in which the concentration of solutes outside is less than inside the cell is called _________________ An animal cell placed in this type of environment will _____________________ swell & burst shrink stay the same size Channel proteins that facilitate the movement of water across cell membranes are called ___________________ hypotonic swell and burst aquaporins

Image modified from: https://upload. wikimedia
Microscopic channels through the cell walls of plant cells that enable transport and communication between cells are called ______________. Passing molecules between neighboring cells that touch each other is called A) autocrine B) juxtacrine C) paracrine D) endocrine plasmodesmata Essential knowledge 3.D.2: Cells communicate with each other through direct contact with other cells or from a distance via chemical signaling. a. Cells communicate by cell-to-cell contact. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Plasmodesmata between plant cells that allow material to be transported from cell to cell.

channel carrier Transport proteins called _____________ proteins
function by forminng a hydrophilic tunnel that allows charged molecules or ions to pass through the hydrophobic portion of a cell membrane. Transport proteins called _____________ proteins hold on to their passenger molecules, change shape, and shuttle them across the membrane. As a cell grows, its plasma membrane expands via ___________________. endocytosis exocytosis carrier Exocytosis; when vesicles fuse with membrane they become part of the membrane Campbell Concept check 7.5

Name 3 kinds of passive transport
Name 3 kinds of active transport Ion channels that open or close in response to a signal are called ___________________ Osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion Na+-K+ pump, co-transport, bulk transport, endocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis, exocytosis gated

This is a type of ______ transport. active passive Simple diffusion
Animation from: Identify this type transport that results in gas exchange in the lungs. This is a type of ______ transport. active passive Simple diffusion passive Molecules move automatically from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration CO2 from blood into air spaces in lungs; O2 from air space in lungs into blood Essential knowledge 2.B.1:b. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 4. Small, uncharged polar molecules and small nonpolar molecules, such as N2, freely pass across the membrane. Essential knowledge 2.B.2: a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Passive transport plays a primary role in the import of resources and the export of wastes.

A transport protein that generates voltage across
a membrane is called an ________________________ When nerve cells establish a voltage across their membrane with a sodium-potassium pump, does this pump use ATP or produce ATP? Electrogenic pump Campbell Concept check The pump uses ATP. To establish a voltage, ions would have to be pumped against their gradient, which requires energy

Moves molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration Sets the membrane potential on cell membranes Moves Na+ and K+ ions across nerve cell membranes when nerves are depolarized Creates a concentration gradient for cotransport Moves H+ ions into the thylakoid space during the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis ACTIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE ACTIVE Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. b. Active transport requires free energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration.

Name this kind of transport
Name this kind of transport Give an example of how this might be used in a cell. Sodium-potassium pump Na+-K+ pumps are main electrogenic pumps in eukaryotic cells. Ex: In nerve cells they set up the potential across cell membranes which allows the nerve cell to then be depolarized to send a nerve signal. Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. b. Active transport requires free energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. 1. Active transport is a process where free energy (often provided by ATP) is used by proteins embedded in the membrane to "move" molecules and/or ions across the membrane and to establish and maintain concentration gradients. 2. Membrane proteins are necessary for active transport. Essential knowledge 3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. 1. Membranes of neurons are polarized by the establishment of electrical potentials across the membranes. Na+/K+ pumps, powered by ATP, work to maintain membrane potential.

Image from: https://marilynemathew. files. wordpress
How does the cell surface area/volume ratio differ in these two diagrams? EXPLAIN the relationship of SA/vol ratio to transport and cell division. As cells increase in size both surface area and volume increase, but volume increases at a greater rate than surface area. SA/Vol ratio decreases as cell grows bigger OR larger cell has smaller SA/Vol ratio than small cell Transport across membranes depends on SA; Demand for resources depends on Volume It’s more difficult for larger cells to move substances across cell membrane fast enough to supply cell’s needs; Small cells can transport substances faster than larger cells Small SA/vol ratio can be trigger for mitosis Essential knowledge 2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. b. Surface area-to-volume ratios affect a biological system's ability to obtain necessary resources or eliminate waste products. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. As cells increase in volume, the relative surface area decreases and demand for material resources increases; more cellular structures are necessary to adequately exchange materials and energy with the environment. These limitations restrict cell size. 2. The surface area of the plasma membrane must be large enough to adequately exchange materials; smaller cells have a more favorable surface area-to-volume ratio for exchange of materials with the environment. Learning Objectives: [See SP 2.2] LO 2.7 Students will be able to explain how cell size and shape affect the overall rate of nutrient intake and the rate of waste elimination. [See SP 6.2]

If this vesicle is releasing products outside the cell,
If this vesicle is releasing products outside the cell, this type of transport is called ________________________ If this vesicle is bringing small molecules & fluids into the cell, this type of transport is called ______________________ exocytosis pinocytosis

ligands Name this kind of transport that enables the cell to acquire
Name this kind of transport that enables the cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances The molecules that bind to these receptors are called _________ Give an example of a molecule that moves into cells in this way _____________ Receptor mediated endocytosis ligands Cholesterol LDL ligands bind receptors and attached cholesterol is taken into cell Essential knowledge 2.B.2. c. The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis move large molecules from the external environment to the internal environment and vice versa, respectively. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles derived from the plasma membrane

To send a signal, a neuron may carry out exocytosis of chemical signals that are recognized by a 2nd neuron. In some cases, the 1st neuron ends the signal by taking up the signaling molecules by endocytosis. Would you expect this to occur by pinocytosis or by receptor mediated endocytosis? EXPLAIN Campbell Concept check Receptor mediated endocytosis because in this case one specific molecule needs to be taken up at a particular time; pinocytosis takes up molecules in a non-specific manner

Neurotransmitters move across the synaptic cleft by which kind of transport? This is a kind of _____________ passive active Give an example of a neurotransmitter Simple diffusion passive Acetylcholine , Epinephrine, Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin, GABA Essential knowledge 3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. c. Transmission of information between neurons occurs across synapses. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. In most animals, transmission across synapses involves chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Acetylcholine • Epinephrine • Norepinephrine • Dopamine • Serotonin • GABA LO 3.44 The student is able to describe how nervous systems detect external and internal signals. [See SP 1.2] LO 3.45 The student is able to describe how nervous systems transmit information. [See SP 1.2]

The volume of both of these “cells” is the same. = 8 cm3
Which would have the largest SA/vol ratio? 2cm X 2cm X 2cm 1cm X 1cm X 8cm 1cm X 1cm X 8cm cell- It has more surface area for the same volume. Essential knowledge 2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. b. Surface area-to-volume ratios affect a biological system's ability to obtain necessary resources or eliminate waste products. 1. As cells increase in volume, the relative surface area decreases and demand for material resources increases; more cellular structures are necessary to adequately exchange materials and energy with the environment. These limitations restrict cell size. 2. The surface area of the plasma membrane must be large enough to adequately exchange materials; smaller cells have a more favorable surface area-to-volume ratio for exchange of materials with the environment. LO 2.6 The student is able to use calculated surface area-to-volume ratios to predict which cell(s) might eliminate wastes or procure nutrients faster by diffusion. [See SP 2.2] LO 2.7 Students will be able to explain how cell size and shape affect the overall rate of nutrient intake and the rate of waste elimination. [See SP 6.2]

Receptor mediated endocytosis
Name the kind of transport used by Golgi bodies in secretory cells to export their products. Name the kind of transport used by cholesterol to enter cells Name the molecule that provides energy for active transport exocytosis Receptor mediated endocytosis ATP

Calculate the (Ψs) following for a solution of 0.2 M glucose at 20 °C
Ψ = (Ψp) + (Ψs) Ψs = - iCRT Calculate the (Ψs) following for a solution of 0.2 M glucose at 20 °C Ψs = = - (1) (0.2) ( ) (273+20) = bars Science Practice 2: The student can use mathematics appropriately. 2.2 The student can apply mathematical routines to quantities that describe natural phenomena. LO 2.12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes. [See SP 1.4]

A Which of the following factors would tend to increase
membrane fluidity? A. a greater proportion of unsaturated phospholipids B. a greater proportion of saturated phospholipids C. a lower temperature D. a relatively high protein content in the membrane E. a greater proportion of relatively large glycolipids compared to lipids having smaller molecular masses Campbell Concept check A

A transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane is called an ___________ pump
The main kind of transport used for this purpose in animal cells is the ________ pump The main kind of transport used for this purpose in plant cells is the ___________ pump. electrogenic Na+ - K+ proton Essential knowledge 2.B.2: b. Active transport requires free energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Active transport is a process where free energy (often provided by ATP) is used by proteins embedded in the membrane to "move" molecules and/or ions across the membrane and to establish and maintain concentration gradients.

The white circles stand for oxygen molecules.
Use what you know about diffusion of molecules to predict which way the oxygen will move. Diffusion moves molecules from high concentration to low so… from the lungs into the blood Essential knowledge 2.B.1:b. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 4. Small, uncharged polar molecules and small nonpolar molecules, such as N2, freely pass across the membrane. Essential knowledge 2.B.2: a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Passive transport plays a primary role in the import of resources and the export of wastes.

To send a signal, a neuron may carry out exocytosis of chemical signals that are recognized by a 2nd neuron. In some cases, the 1st neuron ends the signal by taking up the signaling molecules by endocytosis. Would you expect this to occur by pinocytosis or by receptor mediated endocytosis? EXPLAIN Receptor mediated endocytosis because in this case one specific molecule needs to be taken up at a particular time; pinocytosis takes up molecules in a non-specific manner LO 3.43 The student is able to construct an explanation, based on scientific theories and models, about how nervous systems detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. [See SP 6.2, 7.1]

Which type of transport maintains the membrane potential in animal cells?
Molecules that bind specifically to a receptor site on another molecule are called ____________ Name the transport process you learned about in which ligands are involved in the active uptake of molecules Sodium-potassium pump ligands Receptor mediated endocytosis

Protein kinases _____________ are enzymes that are part of phosphorylation cascades which add a phosphate group to the next protein in the cascade sequence. Give an example of a second messenger used in signal transduction pathways cyclic AMP (cAMP) Ca++ Essential knowledge 3.D.3.b: signal transduction pathways link signal reception with cellular response. 2. Second messengers are often essential to the function of the cascade. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Second messengers, such as cyclic GMP, cyclic AMP , calcium ions, and inositol triphosphate 3. Many signal transduction pathways include: ii. Phosphorylation cascades in which a series of protein kinases add a phosphate group to the next protein in the cascade sequence

Which organelle makes the ATP used to run the Na +-K+ pump?
mitochondria Explain why plant cells don’t undergo cytolysis in hypotonic environments but animal cells do. Cell wall is rigid and keeps them from bursting

During passive transport molecules always move ______ their concentration gradient.
down up Channel proteins that facilitate the movement of water across cell membranes are called _____________ Hydrolysis of ATP is required for ___________ transport DOWN AQUAPORINS ACTIVE Essential knowledge 2.B.1.b Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following 4.Water moves across membranes and through channel proteins called aquaporins. Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Passive transport plays a primary role in the import of resources and the export of wastes.

Quorum sensing in bacteria and the signaling of neurotransmitters in which signal molecules are passed to nearby cells are examples of __________ signaling A) autocrine B) juxtacrine C) paracrine D) endocrine The binding of ligands to cell membrane receptors cause tyrosine kinases to form _______ which are then phosphorylated. DIMERS Essential knowledge 3.D.2: Cells communicate with each other through direct contact with other cells or from a distance via chemical signaling. b. Cells communicate over short distances by using local regulators that target cells in the vicinity of the emitting cell. To foster student understanding of this concept instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Neurotransmitters • Quorum sensing in bacteria

Explain how you can you tell? hydrophobic
The growth factor ligand in this diagram is _________ hydrophilic hydrophobic Explain how you can you tell? hydrophobic Hydrophobic ligands are able to pass through the hydrophobic phospholipid tails an enter cells to bind intracellular receptors Essential knowledge 3.D.3: Signal transduction pathways link signal reception with cellular response. a. Signaling begins with the recognition of a chemical messenger, a ligand, by a receptor protein. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Different receptors recognize different chemical messengers, which can be peptides, small chemicals or proteins, in a specific one-to-one relationship. 2. A receptor protein recognizes signal molecules, causing the receptor protein's shape to change, which initiates transduction of the signal. LO 3.42 The student is able to use representation(s) and appropriate models to describe features of a cell signaling pathway [See SP 1.4]

The proton pump is the main electrogenic pump in ________________ cells.
plant animal Membrane proteins that span the membrane touching both sides are called _________________ proteins Name the molecules which can be attached to proteins or lipids in cell membranes and are involved in cell recognition plant transmembrane carbohydrates

When nerve cells establish a voltage across their membrane with a sodium-potassium pump, does this pump use ATP or produce ATP? Is ATP is required or not required when nerve cells depolarize and Na+ and K+ move across the cell membrane? The pump uses ATP. To establish a voltage, ions would have to be pumped against their gradient, which requires energy NOT required; Na+ and K+ ions move back into the cell via ion channels (passive transport) Essential knowledge 2.B.2: b. Active transport requires free energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Active transport is a process where free energy (often provided by ATP) is used by proteins embedded in the membrane to "move" molecules and/or ions across the membrane and to establish and maintain concentration gradients. Essential knowledge 3.E.2.b: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Membranes of neurons are polarized by the establishment of electrical potentials across the membranes.

Which of the molecules in this animation represent the ligand?
Image from: Which of the molecules in this animation represent the ligand? Which of these represents the receptor? This ligand is likely ____________ hydrophobic hydrophilic Red hexagon Yellow Hydrophilic Hydrophobic signal molecules can pass through plasma membrane Hydrophilic ones stay outside cell and pass their signal through surface receptors. Essential knowledge 3.D.3: Signal transduction pathways link signal reception with cellular response. a. Signaling begins with the recognition of a chemical messenger, a ligand, by a receptor protein. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. A receptor protein recognizes signal molecules, causing the receptor protein's shape to change, which initiates transduction of the signal. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • G-protein linked receptors LO 3.34 The student is able to construct explanations of cell communication through cell-to-cell contact or through chemical signaling. [See SP 6.2]

Activated G proteins can then turn on another molecule EX: - Activate an enzyme that results in a chemical response in the cell - Activate adenylyl cyclase to make cAMP (second messenger) - Start a phosphorylation cascade - Open a ligand gated ion channel Essential knowledge 3.D.3: Signal transduction pathways link signal reception with cellular response a. Signaling begins with the recognition of a chemical messenger, a ligand, by a receptor protein. 2. A receptor protein recognizes signal molecules, causing the receptor protein's shape to change, which initiates transduction of the signal. • G-protein linked receptors

Image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006
Name the genetic disorder you learned about in BIOLOGY in which there is a mutation in the protein that transports Cl- ions causing a build up of thick mucous in the lungs and digestive and reproductive organs. Cystic fibrosis

As cells increase in volume, the surface area/volume ratio decreases and demand for material resources increases; What modifications could be added to a cell or an organ to increase its surface area? Give an example Folds or extensions of the membrane all increase SA SEM Image by: Riedell Examples: Intestinal villi Lung alveoli Root hairs Essential knowledge 2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. b. Surface area-to-volume ratios affect a biological system's ability to obtain necessary resources or eliminate waste products. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. As cells increase in volume, the relative surface area decreases and demand for material resources increases; more cellular structures are necessary to adequately exchange materials and energy with the environment. These limitations restrict cell size. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Root hairs • Cells of the alveoli • Cells of the villi • Microvilli

This is a kind of ______ transport passive active
Images from: Neurotransmitters moving across the synaptic cleft pass the signal to the postsynaptic neuron by triggering a receptor (B). What kind of transport protein is this? This is a kind of ______ transport passive active What will happen next? Ligand gated ion channel passive Influx of Na+ ions depolarizes the membrane. Na+ rush in and K+ ions rush out. This wave is passed along the axon to the next synapse Essential knowledge 3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. 2. The structure of the neuron allows for the detection, generation, transmission and integration of signal information. b. Action potentials propagate impulses along neurons. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. In response to a stimulus, Na+ and K+ gated channels sequentially open and cause the membrane to become locally depolarized. LO 3.44 The student is able to describe how nervous systems detect external and internal signals. [See SP 1.2] LO 3.45 The student is able to describe how nervous systems transmit information. [See SP 1.2]

Describe the 3 steps that make up a signal transduction pathway 1. 2.
Describe the 3 steps that make up a signal transduction pathway 1. 2. 3. RECEPTION- ligand binds to receptor that matches like “lock and key” TRANSDUCTION- signal is passed into the cell and amplified RESPONSE- Enzymes are activated to produce a chemical change or transcription of a gene is turned on Essential knowledge 3.D.3: Signal transduction pathways link signal reception with cellular response. a. Signaling begins with the recognition of a chemical messenger, a ligand, by a receptor protein. b. Signal transduction is the process by which a signal is converted to a cellular response. LO 3.36 The student is able to describe a model that expresses the key elements of signal transduction pathways by which a signal is converted to a cellular response. [See SP 1.5]

Give an example of a second messenger.
Explain how hydrophilic hormones differ from hydrophobic ones in their interaction with receptors Give an example of a second messenger. Hydrophilic hormones attach to receptors on the cell surface which pass the signal internally by interacting with other proteins (EX: G-proteins or tyrosine kinases) Hydrophobic hormones can pass through cell membranes and interact with intracellular receptors. Cyclic AMP (c-AMP) or Ca++

The Na+-K+ pump in animals causes the cytoplasm inside cells to be more _______ than the surrounding extracellular fluid. negative positive negative Na+-K+ pump moves 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ into cell Essential knowledge 3.E..2. b. Action potentials propagate impulses along neurons. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Membranes of neurons are polarized by the establishment of electrical potentials across the membranes. 2. In response to a stimulus, Na+ and K+ gated channels sequentially open and cause the membrane to become locally depolarized. 3. Na+/K+ pumps, powered by ATP, work to maintain membrane potential.

GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF A SIGNAL MOLECULE THAT WOULD MOVE EACH WAY
Images from: POGIL GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF A SIGNAL MOLECULE THAT WOULD MOVE EACH WAY Signal nearby neighbors Long distance signal PARACRINE Neurotransmitters Embryo development Bacteria Quorum sensing ENDOCRINE- (hormones) insulin, epinephrine, testosterone Signal by touching Signal to self JUXTACRINE EX: plasmodesmata AUTOCRINE Signal “self” EX: Cancer cells make growth factors Essential knowledge 3.D.2: Cells communicate with each other through direct contact with other cells or from a distance via chemical signaling. a. Cells communicate by cell-to-cell contact. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Plasmodesmata between plant cells that allow material to be transported from cell to cell. b. Cells communicate over short distances by using local regulators that target cells in the vicinity of the emitting cell. To foster student undnerstanding of this concept insructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Neurotransmitters • Quorum sensing in bacteria c. Signals released by one cell type can travel long distances to target cells of another cell type. LO 3.34 The student is able to construct explanations of cell communication through cell-to-cell contact or through chemical signaling. [See SP 6.2]

____________ are enzymes that add phosphate groups to other molecules.
____________________ are enzymes that remove phosphate groups. Adding phosphates to molecules is a way to make them ___________ active inactive KINASES PHOSPHODIESTERASES ACTIVE Essential knowledge 3.D.3: b. Signal transduction is the process by which a signal is converted to a cellular response. 3. Many signal transduction pathways include: i. Protein modifications (an illustrative example could be how methylation changes the signaling process) ii. Phosphorylation cascades in which a series of protein kinases add a phosphate group to the next protein in the cascade sequence

Facilitated diffusion with a CHANNEL PROTEIN
Animations from: Identify this type of transport and the membrane protein that provides a hydrophilic tunnel through which allow charged or polar molecules can pass through the hydrophobic tails of cell membranes.. Tell something that might move this way in cells. This is a kind of ________ transport ACTIVE PASSIVE Facilitated diffusion with a CHANNEL PROTEIN Ions like Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca++ PASSIVE Essential knowledge 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Passive transport plays a primary role in the import of resources and the export of wastes. 2. Membrane proteins play a role in facilitated diffusion of charged and polar molecules through a membrane. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Na+/K+ transport

Biology in Focus Test your knowledge
A G protein is A. a specific type of membrane receptor protein B. a protein on the cytoplasmic side of a membrane that become activated by a transmembrane receptor protein C. membrane-bound enzyme that converts ATP to cAMP D.an intracellular receptor protein that, once activated, functions as a transcription factor E. a guanine nucleotide that converts between GDP and GTP to activate and inactivate relay proteins Essential knowledge 3.D.3: Signal transduction pathways link signal reception with cellular response. a. Signaling begins with the recognition of a chemical messenger, a ligand, by a receptor protein. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Different receptors recognize different chemical messengers, which can be peptides, small chemicals or proteins, in a specific one-to-one relationship. 2. A receptor protein recognizes signal molecules, causing the receptor protein's shape to change, which initiates transduction of the signal. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • G-protein linked receptors

Explain how you can you tell? hydrophilic
The growth factor ligand in this diagram is _________ hydrophilic hydrophobic Explain how you can you tell? hydrophilic Hydrophilic ligands interact with receptors on the cell surface because they are unable to pass through the hydrophobic phospholipid tails in the cell membrane Essential knowledge 3.D.3: Signal transduction pathways link signal reception with cellular response. a. Signaling begins with the recognition of a chemical messenger, a ligand, by a receptor protein. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Different receptors recognize different chemical messengers, which can be peptides, small chemicals or proteins, in a specific one-to-one relationship. 2. A receptor protein recognizes signal molecules, causing the receptor protein's shape to change, which initiates transduction of the signal. LO 3.42 The student is able to use representation(s) and appropriate models to describe features of a cell signaling pathway [See SP 1.4]

Which of the following compounds can activate a protein by transferring a phosphate group to it?
A. G protein B. adenylyl cyclase C. protein kinase D. ligand gated ion channel Essential knowledge 3.D.3: b. Signal transduction is the process by which a signal is converted to a cellular response. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. Second messengers are often essential to the function of the cascade. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Second messengers, such as cyclic GMP, cyclic AMP , calcium ions, and inositol triphosphate 3. Many signal transduction pathways include: i. Protein modifications (an illustrative example could be how methylation changes the signaling process) ii. Phosphorylation cascades in which a series of protein kinases add a phosphate group to the next protein in the cascade sequence

Increased Ca++ at the presynaptic terminal causes the release of chemical signals called _________________ into the synaptic cleft. These are released by which type of transport process shown by C in the diagram? It is passive active neurotransmitters exocytosis Essential knowledge 3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. a. The neuron is the basic structure of the nervous system that reflects function. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. The structure of the neuron allows for the detection, generation, transmission and integration of signal information. LO 3.44 The student is able to describe how nervous systems detect external and internal signals. [See SP 1.2] LO 3.45 The student is able to describe how nervous systems transmit information. [See SP 1.2]

When epinephrine binds to cells in skeletal muscle blood vessels it causes dilation. When it binds to liver cells it causes the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose into the blood stream. How can the same hormone have different effects on in different cells? The same receptor activates different intracellular proteins so once signal is received different cell processes are turned on in liver cells vs blood vessel cells. Essential knowledge 3.D.3: Signal transduction pathways link signal reception with cellular response

AP BIO Review Membranes and Transport

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AP BIO Review Membranes and Transport

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