1. What is GIS? What are GIS Components?
Introduction to GIS
What is GIS?
What are GIS Components?
Geography has always been important for discovery, planning, commerce and defense for the past 3000 years
Spatial information is more important than where is my friends party of my kids soccer game.
Critical to the food we eat, energy we burn, etc
GIS helps us gather and use spatial data

2. Geographic Information Systems
Definition:
A computer-based system to aid in the collection, maintenance, storage, analysis, output, and distribution of spatial data and information (Bolstad 2002)
Key to this definition:
Absolute and relative location of features
Properties and attributes of features
Definition:
A computer-based system to aid in the collection, maintenance, storage, analysis, output, and distribution of spatial data and information (Bolstad 2002)
Key to this definition
Absolute and relative location of features
Properties and attributes of features
It is a:
Tool, a science, a software
It is a marriage between computer cartography and database management
It can model change over time and
It can tell you what is where and why
Other definitions of GIS
A computerized tool for solving geographic problems.
A container of maps in digital form.
A spatial decision support system.
A tool for revealing what is otherwise invisible in geographic information
A tool for automatically performing operations on geographic data.
Systems, science and studies

3. Layers of GIS

4. El Capitan Climbing routes
GIS will give us the location of MT. Everest and height that is gathered from satellites or other remote sensing instruments.
We can view other info as well, temperatures, snowfall, or climbing routes, this can be stored and visualized using GIS
The user decides what info is important.
A Forestry manager and International paper would use the same baseline map of a forest but would be interested in very different information
Forestry manager would want to know buffer strips near rivers to protect water supply, areas for clearing or needs for control burns downwind air pollution
International paper, wants to maximize growth and yield from a acre of land
El Capitan Rock types

5. Public Health Hurricane Irma (2017) Ebola, Sierra Leone (2014-2015)
Hurricane Harvey (2017)
Hurricane Irma shows data in a story board format, where people upload data to ESRI and photo’s are automatically incorporated spatially into the map.
Ebola data from the outbreak, 11K+ people died. Map shows the rapid spread of the disease.
Hurricane Harvey data has the ability to swipe pre and post flood/hurricane

6. Infrastructure and Utilities
Submarine Cable
Natural Gas
FDNY GIS
NCOT
Submarine cable – excellent interactive map
Fort Hill natural gas – watch the youtube video
Article students should read, show various maps on the site.

7. Municipal GIS and Tax Records
NYC City Map
New Hanover County GIS
Flood Zones
Building Permits
Parcel Lookup

8. Geographic Information System
Resolution can vary:
Detailed:
Location of buildings in a city
Individual trees in a forest
Coarse
Population of the Eastern seaboard
Depths of the Atlantic ocean
characteristics often relatively static-- e.g., GPS coordinates of fixed features
natural features and many features of human origin don't change rapidly
. static information is easier to portray on a static paper map
can be very voluminous . a terabyte (1012 bytes) of data is sent from a single satellite in one day
. gigabytes (gigabyte = 109 bytes) of data are needed to describe the US street network
Abstraction--Geometrical Representation
• Model the boundaries of spatial objects (vector data models)
• Point--a single location is enough
MBTA Stops
Is Boston a point?--At different scales or for different purposes, Boston could be a point or polygon.
• Line--only one dimension needs to be represented
Street centerline, MBTA Railroad track, ridgeline, bux route
How does it matter if street is modeled as centerline or as void between blocks?
• Polygon--2D planar surfaces
Cambridge border,<![endif]> central square boundary,census tract, parcel, ...
What about river boundary, edge of ocean (at high tide?)
Beyond planar surfaces - terrain models, 3D CAD models, ...
• Model the space that contains things (raster data models)
30m x 30m grid cells for Landsat image - classified based on predominate land use within each cell
6 inch pixels for color orthophotos developed from aerial photography
3 km x 3km x 1 km (height) volumes for meterological modeling

10. Supporting Technologies and Disciplines
Geography
Cartography-art of map making
Remote Sensing
Photogrammetry
Surveying
Geodesy
Statistics
Computer Science
Math
Geography
understanding the world and man’s place in it
Cartography-art of map making
display of spatial information
Remote Sensing (define)
images from space and air
source of information for GIS
Photogrammetry
accurate measurement from photographs
Surveying
high quality positional data
Geodesy- shape of the earth
accurate positional data (control points)
Statistics
GIS models are often statistical in nature
Computer Science
e.g. CAD, database management
Math
especially geometry and graph theory
From Deidre Sullivan

11. Software Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) Autodesk
QGIS – Open source GIS
GIS Heat map: gisgeography.com
software
o ESRI ( Environmental Systems Research Institute
Has 43% of the GIS software market share
1.1 billion revenue (2016), 300,000 customers
o Autodesk ( )
o QGIS – (Quantum GIS) open source…it is free.
• what is important is the kind of information that's stored and analyzed
o representing and managing information about what is where . the contents of maps and images
o special functions that work on geographic information, functions to: . display on the screen . edit, change, transform . measure distances, areas, proximity, adjacency . combine maps of the same area together
o useful functions can be much more sophisticated . keep inventories of what is where . manage properties, facilities . judge the suitability of areas for different purposes .

12. ESRI ESRI is the world leader in GIS software ArcGIS Desktop Homepage
Training
ArcGIS Desktop
Basic (ArcView)
Standard (ArcEditor)
Advanced (ArcInfo)
…….and desktop extensions (i.e.: spatial analyst)
Go to login screen and have students create a new account
Go to News tab and have students subscribe to a ArcNews (
Desktop GIS
ArcGIS Desktop
ArcGIS desktop provides a collection of software products that create, edit, import, map, query, analyze, and publish geographic information. ArcGIS desktop products include
Basic - $1500 (perpetual), $800 (annual) per license
Standard - $7000 (perpetual), $3000 (annual) per license
Advanced - $14000 (perpetual), $4200 (annual) per license
ArcGIS Desktop Extensions
ArcGIS desktop products share the same core applications (ArcMap and ArcCatalog), user interface, and development environment so users can share their work with others. Maps, data, symbology, map layers, geoprocessing models (ModelBuilder), custom tools and interfaces, reports, and metadata can be accessed interchangeably.
Spatial Analyst - $2500 (perpetual), $600 (annual) per license
3D analyst - $2500 (perpetual), $600 (annual) per license
A wide-ranging suite of optional extensions expands the functional capabilities of these products with specialized GIS tools.
ArcGIS Desktop Products
Advanced is the complete GIS product to build a comprehensive desktop GIS. The de facto standard for GIS professionals, ArcInfo provides tools for data integration and management, visualization, spatial modeling and analysis, and high-end cartography. It supports single-user and multi-user editing and automates complex workflows. You can use ArcInfo to gather, build, and manage data, analyze geographic relationships, discover new information, and produce publication-quality maps.
Standard provides advanced editing, data validation, and workflow management tools to maintain the integrity of your data. With ArcEditor, you can author quality maps and perform sophisticated spatial analysis. You can use ArcEditor to manage complex information, automate the editing workflow, and allow multiple users to update the same data simultaneously.
Basic allows you to visualize, explore, and analyze geographic data, revealing underlying patterns, relationships, and trends. You can use ArcView to create maps, manage your data, and perform spatial analysis.

13. ArcGIS Desktop
Insert image from page 34 of ArcGIS 9

14. ArcGIS Extensions
Spatial Analyst
3D Analyst
Publisher/ArcReader
Network Analyst
Maplex
Geostatistical Analyst
Extensions are additional tools and commands that can be added to the core ArcGIS interface
Appear as new toolbars and toolsets in ArcCatalog
Copyright © 2006 by Maribeth H. Price

15. ArcGIS Desktop ArcCatalog ArcMap ArcToolbox Mastering ArcGIS Chapter 1
ArcCatalog: database design and data management
ArcMap – map making, editing, spatial analysis
ArcToolbox – opens within ArcCatalog or ArcMap and it is, in essence, a huge toolbox
ArcCatalog
ArcMap
ArcToolbox
Copyright © 2006 by Maribeth H. Price

16. Licensing Floating point licenses Standalone licenses ArcInfo only
Central server checks out licenses
Requires a dongle and a license file
Standalone licenses
Uses a registration file/ register online
No dongle needed
Available for ArcView and ArcEditor only
Copyright © 2006 by Maribeth H. Price