1. Chapter 10 Information Literacy
Technology Now,
2nd Edition
Chapter 10
Information Literacy

2. In this Chapter Find Online Information Search for Information
Evaluate Online Information
Use Search Tools
Use Information Ethically

3. Find Online Information (1 of 6)
Find Information on the Surface Web
Surface web are sites freely available to the public
can be searched by standard search engines
also called public web or visible web

4. Find Online Information (2 of 6)

5. Find Online Information (3 of 6)
Access Restricted Sites

6. Find Online Information (4 of 6)
Access Restricted Sites
Restricted sites require a subscription or other type of membership
Part of the deep web, also called the hidden web or the invisible web
Dark web part of the deep web used for illegal activities
not reached by search engines
includes hacking groups, traffic in hoaxes, scams, terrorism, illegal drugs, pornography, and animal trade

7. Find Online Information (5 of 6)
Use News Sites
Television, radio, and other media provide up-to-date information on their Web sites, including videos and photos
Print newspapers and magazines also provide online versions of their articles
News apps are apps that you can install on your tablet or smartphone

8. Find Online Information (6 of 6)
Find Information on Scholarly Sites

9. Search for Information (1 of 11)
To improve the quality of the information you find using a search engine, you can narrow your search results by:
using search operators
customizing search results
customizing browser settings
using search engine tools
A search phrase contains keywords, that best describe what you want to find

10. Search for Information (2 of 11)
Develop Search Strategies

11. Search for Information (3 of 11)
Follow Search Guidelines
To search more effectively:
Use a word stem (the base of a word, without –ed or -ing endings) to broaden a search
Use search operators, which are characters that help you focus your search

12. Search for Information (4 of 11)
Follow Search Guidelines

13. Search for Information (5 of 11)
If you wanted to search for information on SAM on the Cengage.com site, you could use the following:
site: sam
To search for sites related to Netflix, you could type the following:
related:netflix.com

14. Search for Information (6 of 11)
Evaluate Search Results

15. Search for Information (7 of 11)
Evaluate Search Results
Search engines place the most relevant results, or hits, on the first few pages
Most search engines include filters for finding certain types of results, such as images or news, or pages posted in a certain date range
Creative Commons is an organization that provides free, standardized copyright licenses to encourage legal sharing of creative material

16. Search for Information (8 of 11)
Evaluate Search Results
Sponsored links are hyperlinks to paid advertising content related to your search text
Search engine optimization (SEO) techniques increase the likelihood that pages will appear closer to the top of search results, where more users will see them

17. Search for Information (9 of 11)
Customize Search Results

18. Search for Information (10 of 11)
Use Search Engine and Browser Tools
Public domain means the copyright has expired or otherwise doesn’t apply
To learn about new articles, blog posts, or other online information set up a Google Alert
Annotation tools such as a highlighter, pen, and comment box let you call attention to and highlight website content
Use Cortana

19. Search for Information (11 of 11)
Use Search Engine and Browser Tools

20. Evaluate Online Information (1 of 6)
To evaluate online information, apply the CARS checklist to ensure that the information is:
credible
accurate
reasonable
supported
Look at potential online sources critically—a site with errors, a bad design, or an unclear navigational structure may be unprofessional and therefore unreliable

21. Evaluate Online Information (2 of 6)
Evaluate the Credibility of Online Information
Is the information credible, or believable?
Identify the author
Check the author’s credentials

22. Evaluate Online Information (3 of 6)
Evaluate the Accuracy of Online Information
Are the online sources accurate?
Verify facts and claims
Evaluate the information source
Check the date
Check photographs

23. Evaluate Online Information (4 of 6)
Evaluate the Reasonableness of Online Information
Is the source reasonable?
Fair and sensible, not extreme or excessive
More than one point of view
Emotional, persuasive, or biased language
Conflict of interest

24. Evaluate Online Information (5 of 6)
Evaluate the Support for Online Information
Evaluate a webpage’s support, look for:
links or citations
other pages and print material on the topic
quotations
For photos or other reproduced content credit lines should appear somewhere on the page that states the source and any necessary copyright information

25. Evaluate Online Information (6 of 6)
Follow Evaluation Guidelines

26. Use Search Tools (1 of 6)
In your searches, you can use general search engines, such as Google, Yahoo!, and Bing and subject directories to find just the information you want
Specialty search engines and social media tools can lead you to valuable information sources other than websites

27. Use Search Tools (2 of 6)

28. Use Search Tools (3 of 6) Describe How Search Engines Work
Spiders or crawlers, software that combs the web to find webpages and add new data about them to the database
programs build an index of terms and their locations
Based on a search term, or query, a general search engine refers to its database index and then lists pages that match your search term, ranked by how closely they answer your query

29. Use Search Tools (4 of 6) Use Subject Directories
Subject directory is a catalog of webpages organized by subject

30. Use Search Tools (5 of 6) Search Social Media Sites
Social search tool such as Social Searcher and Google Social Search to search blogs, microblogs, comments, and conversations on social media sites
Designed for finding subjective content, such as comments, reviews, and opinions
Social networks such as Facebook, Foursquare, and Twitter have tools for searching data shared by members
Facebook includes reaction buttons—Like, Love, Haha, Wow, Sad, and Angry—to respond to posts, articles, videos, and other web information

31. Use Search Tools (6 of 6)
Use Search Tools for Research

32. Use Information Ethically (1 of 8)
In using Web information in your work, use ethical principles to guide you
Use citations to credit information sources and avoid plagiarism
Be aware that any created work may be subject to copyright laws; use care to avoid violating a content creator’s intellectual property rights.

33. Use Information Ethically (2 of 8)
Define Ethics
Ethics is the set of moral principles that govern people’s behavior
Plagiarism is using the work or ideas of someone else and claiming them as your own
A copyright gives authors and artists the legal right to sell, publish, or distribute an original work

34. Use Information Ethically (3 of 8)
Cite Sources
A citation is a formal reference to a published work
Citation style are guidelines for citations: MLA, APA, or Chicago

35. Use Information Ethically (4 of 8)
Cite Sources

36. Use Information Ethically (5 of 8)
Avoid Plagiarism
Plagiarism: using the work or ideas of someone else and claiming them as your own
Paraphrase: to restate an idea using words different from those used in the original

37. Use Information Ethically (6 of 8)
Observe Intellectual Property Rights
Intellectual property rights: legal rights protecting those who create works such as photos, art, writing, inventions, and music
Copyright: gives authors and artists the legal right to sell, publish, or distribute an original work; and it goes into effect as soon as the work exists in physical form
Digital rights management: techniques such as authentication, copy protection, or encryption that limit access to proprietary materials

38. Use Information Ethically (7 of 8)
Use Content in the Public Domain
Public domain: content you can use it freely because it is not subject to copyright
Applies to material for which the copyright has expired and to work that has been explicitly released to the public domain by its owner
Fair use doctrine: allows you to use a sentence or paragraph of text without permission if you include a citation to the original source
for quotations and other cited material in the United States

39. Use Information Ethically (8 of 8)
Use Creative Commons Content
Creative Commons (CC) is a nonprofit organization that aims to help licensors— those who create content—keep copyright to their materials while still allowing others to use, copy, or distribute their work under conditions the licensors choose
People who use content that carries a Creative Commons license, called licensees, must follow CC license rules on giving credit for works they use and displaying copyright notices
Creative Commons website: