1. INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY
ZOOL-1071

2. Big Ideas There is a relationship between structure and function
The body exhibits several levels of structural organization
The body works to maintain homeostasis
We use anatomical terminology to describe the human body

3. Anatomy and Physiology Defined
The structure-function relationship

4. Anatomy
The science of body structures and their relationship to one another
Based on observation
Dissection
Medical Imaging

5. Branches of Anatomy Embryology Histology Gross anatomy
Pathological anatomy

6. Physiology The science of body functions - how body parts work
Based on experimentation
The scientific method

7. The Scientific Method Scientific Method Conclusion Hypothesis
Experiment
Results
Scientific Method

8. Branches of Physiology
Neurophysiology
Endocrinology
Pathophysiology

10. Structure and Function
The structure of a body part allows it to perform certain functions

11. Levels of Structural Organization
The final level of structural organization is the organism
systems
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Chemicals

12. Not an important figure to memorize but another way to view structural hierarchy
Tortora Figure 1.1

13. Basic Life Processes Metabolism Responsiveness Movement Growth
Catabolism
Anabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy
Differentiation
Reproduction

14. homeostasis
Definition
Body fluids
Feedback systems

15. Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body's many regulatory processes.
Rapid regulation by nervous and endocrine systems – feedback systems

16. Body Fluids Cytosol Internal Environment ECF =
plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid,
synovial fluid, aqueous humor or
vitreous body

17. Body Fluids - Transport
Plasma membrane  Exchange between ICF and interstitial fluid
Capillary membranes  Exchange between interstitial fluid and blood plasma
“Leaky” but carefully regulated

18. Control of Homeostasis
Disruptions from external or internal environment
Psychological stresses
Mild / temporary disruption  quick response
Drastic / extreme disruption  regulation may fail
Rapid regulation by nervous and endocrine systems – feedback systems

19. Control of Homeostasis
Monitors controlled condition and sends input to control center
Receptor
Receives output from control center and produces a response that changes controlled condition
Effector
Sets setpoint , evaluates input from receptors, generates output commands when needed
Control Center

20. Tortora Figure 1.2

21. Negative Feedback Reverses original stimulus
Moves the value of the controlled condition back to setpoint
Tortora Figure 1.3

22. Positive Feedback Enhances original stimulus
Moves the value of the controlled condition farther away from setpoint
Tortora Figure 1.3

23. Homeostatic Imbalance = Disorder or Disease
The way you live your life can support or interfere with homeostasis. Impacts how you recover from life stresses.
Homeostatic imbalance can lead to disorders, disease or death.
Disorder – any abnormality of structure or function
Disease – an illness with set symptoms (local or systemic)

24. BASIC ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
Anatomical terms
Directional terms
Planes and sections
Body cavities

25. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Body Positions
Anatomical position is a standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical reference
Person stands erect, facing the observer, the upper extremities are places at the sides, the palms of the hands are turned forward, and the feet are flat on the floor
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

26. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Regional Names
Regional names are names given to specific regions of the body for reference
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

27. Note: Arm – shoulder to elbow Forearm – elbow to wrist
Thigh – groin to knee
Leg – knee to ankle
Chest – neck to diaphragm
Abdomen – diaphragm to hips
Pelvis – below hip bones

28. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Directional Terms
Directional terms are used to precisely locate one part of the body relative to another
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

29. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Planes & Sections
Planes are imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body.
Sections are real.
You cut along planes to create sections.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

31. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Body Cavities
Body cavities are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

32. Abdominopelvic Regions & Quadrants
The abdominal cavity can be divided into 9 regions and 4 quadrants to easily describe the location of organs
Note: you should be able to identify which viscera (organs) are located in which region / quadrant.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

34. Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes
Serous membrane - a thin, slippery tissue that lines certain internal cavities and covers organs, secretes fluid, composed of two layers:
Parietal layer – lines walls of cavity
Visceral layer – covers and adheres to viscera within the cavity
Serous fluid – reduce friction – lots of organ movement
Serous membranes include  pleura, pericardium and peritoneum

36. Medical Imaging

37. Radiography X-rays to visualize bone and soft tissue
Usually the first diagnostic tool

38. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Magnetic fields and radio waves
More detailed images for soft tissue abnormalities
Not bones
MRI of appendicitis

39. Computed tomography
Multiple x-rays and computerized images of transverse body sections
Soft tissues and organs

40. Ultrasound Sonography
Sound waves, detection instrument and video monitor
Safe, non-invasive
Pregnancy, organs and blood flow

41. Positron emission tomography
Injection of positron-emitting substance and a machine detects the breakdown over time
Studies body physiology – metabolism
Usually brain and heart

42. Endoscopy Video camera Hollow body organs / cavities
Duodenal gall stones found during endoscopy

43. Radionuclide (isotope) scanning
Similar to PET but uses radioactive injection
Studies organ activities and bones
More active parts take up more of the injection
Different radioactive component for different studies