1. The University of Adelaide, School of Computer Science
8 November 2018
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective, 3rd Edition
Chapter 6
Client Layers of the Optical Layer
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Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer

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Figure 6.1
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Comparison of asynchronous and synchronous multiplexing. (a) In the asynchronous case, demultiplexers must be stacked up to extract a lower-speed stream from a multiplexed stream. (b) In the synchronous case, this can be done in a single step using relatively simple circuitry.
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Figure 6.2
Chapter 6
Figure 6.2 The mapping of lower-speed asynchronous streams into virtual tributaries in SONET.
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Figure 6.3
Chapter 6
Figure 6.3 The use of pointers in a SONET STS-1 signal carrying virtual tributaries (VTs). The STS payload pointer in the transport overhead points to the STS-1 synchronous payload envelope (SPE) and the VT pointer inside the STS-1 SPE points to the VT SPE.
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Figure 6.4
Chapter 6
Figure 6.4 SONET/SDH layers showing terminations of the path, line, and section layers for a sample connection passing through terminalmultiplexers (TMs) and add/drop multiplexers (ADMs). The physical layer is not shown.
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Figure 6.5
Chapter 6
Figure 6.5 Structure of an STS-1 frame. B denotes an 8-bit byte.
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Figure 6.6
Chapter 6
Figure 6.6 Structure of an STS-N frame, which is obtained by byte-interleaving N STS-1 frames.
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Figure 6.7
Chapter 6
Figure 6.7 SONET overhead bytes. Entries of the form X/Y indicate that the first label X applies to the first STS-1 within an STS-N signal and the second label Y applies to the remaining STS-1’s in the STS-N.
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Figure 6.8
Chapter 6
Figure 6.8 Elements of a SONET infrastructure. Several different SONET configurations are shown, including point-to-point, linear add/drop, and ring configurations. Both access and interoffice (backbone) rings are shown. The figure also explains the role of a DCS in the SONET infrastructure, to crossconnect lower-speed streams, to interconnect multiple rings, and to serve as a node on rings by itself.
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Figure 6.9
Chapter 6
Figure 6.9 Different types of crossconnect systems.
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Figure 6.10
Chapter 6
Figure 6.10 OTN hierarchy.
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Figure 6.11
Chapter 6
Figure 6.11 OTN (G.709) frame (a) structure showing the location of the overhead bytes, and (b) a larger view of the overhead bytes.
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Figure 6.12
Chapter 6
Figure 6.12 GFP relationship with clients and optical transport paths.
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Figure 6.13
Chapter 6
Figure 6.13 GFP frame structure.
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Figure 6.14
Chapter 6
Figure 6.14 Ethernet topologies.
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Figure 6.15
Chapter 6
Figure 6.15 (a) Basic Ethernet frame and (b) VLAN Ethernet frame.
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Figure 6.16
Chapter 6
Figure 6.16 (a) An Ethernet spanning tree and (b) a tree showing the root, root ports, and designated ports.
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Figure 6.17
Chapter 6
Figure 6.17 Provider bridges (Q-in-Q) for VLANs, and the Ethernet frame structures.
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Figure 6.18
Chapter 6
Figure 6.18 Provider backbone bridges (Mac-in-Mac) for VLANs, and the Ethernet frame address and tag information.
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Figure 6.19
Chapter 6
Figure 6.19 IP in the layered hierarchy, working along with a variety of data link layers and transport layers.
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Figure 6.20
Chapter 6
Figure 6.20 Various implementations of IP over WDM. (a) A packet-over-SONET (POS) variant, where IP packets are mapped into PPP frames then an HDLC-like framing and scrambling, and finally into SONET frames. (b) IP packets are mapped into PPP frames, and then framed using the Generic Framing Procedure (GFP) before mapped into a SONET or OTN path. (c) Using Gigabit or 10-Gigabit Ethernet media access control (MAC) as the link layer and Gigabit or 10-Gigabit Ethernet physical layer (PHY) for
encoding the frames for transmission over a wavelength.
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Figure 6.21
Chapter 6
Figure 6.21 Routing in an IP network. The routing tables at some of the nodes are also shown. The tables contain the identity of the next hop node for each destination.
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Figure 6.22
Chapter 6
Figure 6.22 (a) A simple LSP X and (b) an LSP tunnel Y for an LSP X.
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Figure 6.23
Chapter 6
Figure 6.23 (a) AnMPLS label and (b) a stack of LSP labels prepended to an IP packet.
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Figure 6.24
Chapter 6
Figure 6.24 Ringlets 0 and 1 of a Resilient Packet Ring.
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Figure 6.25
Chapter 6
Figure 6.25 An RPR node.
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Figure 6.26
Chapter 6
Figure 6.26 Node structure for Ringlet 0 for the case of two transit queues: primary transit queue (PTQ) and secondary transit queue (STQ). The STQ is optional.
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Figure 6.27
Chapter 6
Figure 6.27 Architecture of a storage-area network.
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