1. APUSH HBR - #4
APUSH – May 2018

2. Monroe Doctrine What is a doctrine?
a stated principle of government policy, mainly in foreign or military affairs*
Explain the purpose of the Monroe doctrine
New American foreign policy toward Latin America
U.S. = republican Governments conversely European powers are monarchical
U.S. is the protector of Republican institutions in the Americas and will not tolerate the creation of any new European colonies in the Americas
Promises that the U.S. will not interfere with internal affairs in Europe

3. Constitution 13th Amendment?
Ratified December, Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude.
19th Amendment?
Suffrage (right to vote) cannot be denied because of gender. Ratified in 1920.
14th Amendment?
June, Defines national citizenship as “all persons born or naturalized in the United States” and federal government must guarantee equal rights to all Americans = prohibits states from “any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction equal protection of the laws.”
15th amendment?
February 1870 – forbade Federal or state governments from denying citizens the right to vote on the basis of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude”
What are the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendment commonly called?
Reconstruction amendments

4. Farmers
Name for the act that gave free land to farmers in the mid-1860’s?
Homestead Act of 1862
Explain?
160 acres of land in the great plains, free for the cost of a $10 filing fee – purchaser must occupy and work the land for a minimum number of years before they can sell
Challenges?
Blizzards, fire, and millions of locusts.
No trees, houses built of sod or dug into the side of small hills = dugouts
Rain did NOT follow the plow

5. Key Terms Period - Various Vertical integration?
Business model in which a corporation controls all aspects of production from raw materials to packaged products. Example: Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration to gain control over U.S. Steel industry
Populism?
Refers to the mainly agrarian movement developed in the 1890’s that supported the unlimited coinage of silver (bimetallism), government regulation of railroads, government regulations on banks, and other policies favoring farmers and the working class
Red scare?
Term for anticommunist hysteria that swept the united States after WWI and led to a series of government raids on alleged subversives and a suppression of civil liberties.
Sharecropping?
Labor system in the south after the civil war. Tenants worked the land in return for a share of the crops produced instead of paying cash rent. The system perpetuated a seemingly endless cycle of debt and poverty

6. Key Terms Period 4 = 1800 to 1848 Judicial review
The power of the supreme court to strike down an act of congress by declaring it unconstitutional. This principle was established by the Marshall court in the case Marbury v. Madison in 1803
American system
The American system was a set of proposals sponsored by Henry Clay to unify the nation and strengthen the economy by means of protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements or transportation projects such as canals and new roads.
Market Revolution
The dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods among regional and national markets. The market revolution reflected the increased output of farms and factories, the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants, and the creation of a transportation network of canals, roads, steamship lines, and railroads.

7. Lincoln Civil war…. List the advantages for the North
Population advantage, 22 million vs 9 million
Industrial capacity = 90% of all manufactured goods – possessed more railroads, ships, telegraph lines, horses, and wagons
Leadership = Lincoln, forceful commander in chief and glue that holds republican party together
Farm production = wheat crop 7x that of the south = 140 million bushels – crop failures and drought in Europe makes wheat more valuable export than cotton**
Disadvantages?
Early on = poor military commanders
Lack of consensus – what is the goal – save the union or abolish slavery?
Copperheads undermine early efforts with repeated demands for negotiated peace

8. Causation – 2nd Industrial revolution
Team challenge
Explain the causes of the second industrial revolution
Abundance of natural resources = coal, iron ore, petroleum, and timber
Labor – lots of it and it was cheap – America has a large number of unskilled women & children and was supplemented by large numbers of immigrants
Government support = limited regulation (laissez-faire policies), high protective tariffs. Opens door for ambitious businessmen (shrewd/ruthless)
Golden age of railroads = 1865 to 1900 miles of track increased from 35k to 193K – massive consumers of iron, steel, coal, lumber. Connected the country from coast to coast – similar results as American System of roads and canals
New inventions = typewriter, adding machine, elevators, structural steel (skyscrapers) refrigerators and washing machines – Edison prolific inventor (1093 patents) significant to this time = lightbulb and phonograph

9. Key Terms Period - Various Columbian exchange
Refers to the exchange of plants, animals, and germs between the new world and Europe following the discovery of the Americas in 1492
Old world contribution to New world in the Columbian exchange?
Wheat, sugar, rice, and coffee -- animals include horses, cows, pigs, and chickens.
New world contributions to old world?
maize (corn), tomatoes, and potatoes – steady supply of gold and silve
Impact on old world?
Stabilized and improved agricultural yields and improving diets = population growth
What is Bacon’s rebellion, 1676?
Bacon’s rebellion exposed tension between former indentured servants (poor) vs the gentry (planters who were rich) – native American pressures on frontier settlers impetus for the rebellion = American character is seen… see a problem, fix the problem – abusive ruling class

10. Entreprenuers Team challenge
Two notable American entrepreneurs, industry with impact – explain
Andrew Carnegie = steel
Bessemer process organized on large scale --- Carnegie engages in vertical integration to control steel
John D. Rockefeller = Standard oil
Edwin Drake drills first oil well – chemists refine to create kerosene
Concentrated on refining efforts initially – Cleveland refinery
Horizontal integration – control/limit competition = control market
Standard oil controls 95% of oil refining in America**

11. Theodore Roosevelt Party and years of service?
Republican, 1901 to 1909*
Anthracite Coal Strike, 1902 – Explain
WV and PA coal miners strike – owners refuse to negotiate – winter is coming
TR threatens to order the army to seize and operate the mines – owners accept federal arbitration
Significance = first time a president successfully intervenes in a labor dispute as an impartial arbiter. TR gains reputation as fearless champion of working class and that the government must take the lead when any action threatens the well-being of its citizens**
Book & author that inspires TR to take action in the Meat industry
Upton Sinclair = the Jungle – explain for double points

12. Causation Causes of the great Depression? Present Cause then explain.
Stock Market – Bull market peaks in 1929, speculative bubble bursts on “Black Thursday” – Oct 24, panic selloff of stocks --- stocks lose 37% of value. Hurts only 3 million investors – banks damaged – agriculture & industry not impacted
Overproduction – under-consumption
1929, U.S. produces ½ of worlds industrial goods = great profits, wealthy unevenly distributed – 60% of American families earn less ANNUALLY than 2K NEEDED FOR BASICS. 80% NO SAVINGS. As a result (or because…) most people could not afford produced goods and unsold goods piled up = stores reduce orders, factories slow production, people are laid off – all of these factors trigger downward economic spiral.
Farmers struggle
Improved technology greatly increases crop yields (tractors, trucks) – increased competition from grain growers in Australia and South America --- resulting in a global surplus which drives crop price and farmer incomes down. Farmers respond by planting more, makes situation worse, cannot pay mortgages and by 1933 banks are foreclosing on 20,000 farms a month
Could include dust bowl (1930), and, unemployment jumps from 3.2% in 1929 to 24.9 in 1932 – 25% population lives below poverty level.

13. FDR FDR – explain ‘court packing’
Refers to the plan or scheme by FDR to prevent the supreme court from overturning the New Deal. FDR asks congress to provide him with the authority to appoint a new supreme court justice for every member over the age of 70. six new justices would be appointed and ostensibly be in favor of New Deal programs.
Opposed by congress and the public who believed that ‘court packing’ violates judicial independence as part of the separation of powers. Democrats refuse to approve Court Reform bill.
Executive order 9066
Response to a demand by California military and political officials as well as journalists to evacuate all people of Japanese ancestry from the west coast as a “military necessity”
Lend-Lease Act
Great Britain running out of supplies and money to fight Nazi Germany – Dec. 1940, during a fireside chat, fdr explains the need for U.S. to become “arsenal of democracy” and provide war materials to any country whose defense he considered vital to U.S. – passes in March, 1941 though a poll showed that 80% of Americans wanted to stay out of conflict.

14. Key Terms Period 8 = 1945 to 1980 Beats
Small but influential group of literary figures based in New York City and San Francisco in the 1950’s. Led by Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg, beats rejected mainstream America’s carefree consumption and mindless conformity.
Domino Theory
Geopolitical theory refers to the belief that, if one country falls to communism, its neighbors will also be infected and fall to communism. Example, American cold War hawks predicted that the fall of South Vietnam would lead to the loss of all of southeast asia.
Counterculture
Cultural movement during the late 1960’s associated with hippies who advocated an alternative lifestyle based upon peace, love, and “doing your own thing.”

15. Key Terms Period - Various Black Codes
Laws passed by southern states after the Civil War denying ex-slaves civil rights enjoyed by whites and punishing alleged crimes such as the failure to possess a labor contract or travelling outside a plantation without a pass
Transcendentalism
Antebellum philosophical and literary movement that emphasized living a simple life and celebrating the truth found in nature and in personal emotion and imagination. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller were foremost transcendentalist writers.
Containment
Advocated by George Kennan and adopted as the Truman Doctrine, containment was the name given to America’s Cold War policy of blocking the expansion of Soviet influence.
Silent Majority
Term used by Richard Nixon in a 1969 speech to describe those who supported his foreign and domestic policies but did not participate in public protests.

16. Women and reform, 1815 to 1848 Key term Cult of domesticity
Term that idealized women in their roles as wives and mothers. As a nurturing mother and faithful spouse, the wife created a home that was a “haven in a heartless world.” The home became a refuge from the world rather than a productive economic unit.
Seneca Falls Convention – explain
Convention called by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia mott “to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of women.”
1848 – upstate New York – 300 delegates including Frederick Douglass and husbands – first women’s rights convention
Result = Declaration of Sentiments “we hold these truths to be self-evident that all men and women are created equal” – Stanton
Greater divorce and custody rights, equal educational opportunities, right to retain property after marriage. Huge dispute over suffrage for women – barely passes.

17. New West – 1865 to 1900 “The last rail is laid”
What is this statement referring to?
1869 completion of the first transcontinental railroad
Who was president when the Pacific railroad Act was signed?
Lincoln, 1862
Causation = understanding the impact – explain
Cuts travel time from NY to CA = 6 months to 2 weeks.
Visible symbol of national union
Goods and people can move cross country – creates national market for raw materials and manufactured goods
Results in uniform schedule based on time zones (4)
Settling the west faster and included lots of immigrants from Europe
Negative?
Extermination of buffalo and culture of plains Indians almost destroyed

18. Key Terms Period = Random 1890 to 1945 -- muckrakers
Early 20th century journalists who exposed illegal business practices, social injustices, and corrupt urban political bosses. Leading muckrakers included Upton Sinclair, Jacob riis, and ida tarbell
1890 t = Great migration
A massive movement of blacks leaving the south for cities in the north that began slowly in 1910 and accelerated between wwi and the great crash
1945 to 1980 = McCarthyism
Term is associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy's anti-communist crusade during the early 1950’s. McCarthy's unsubstantiated accusations that communists had infiltrated the U.S. State Department and other federal agencies helped create a climate of fear and paranoia often called the Second Red Scare.

19. Key Terms Period 3 = 1754 to 1800 Separation of powers
Division of power among the legislative, judicial, and executive branches of government. “There is no liberty if the power of judging be not separated from the legislative and executive powers.”
Republican Motherhood
Belief that the new American republic offered women the important role of raising their children to be virtuous and responsible citizens. Women thus played a key role in shaping America’s moral and political character.
Antifederalists
Opponents of the American Constitution at the time when states were debating its adoption as the replacement for the articles of confederation. They argued that the Constitution lacked a Bill of Rights and would create a powerful central government dominated by the rich.

20. LBJ Party, years served? Democrat, 1963 to 1969*
“Let us continue” – continue what?
Kennedy programs already begun = Civil Rights act of 1964**
Who did Johnson run against in the presidential election of 1964?
Barry Goldwater, AZ***
Name for LBJ’s signature program following his presidential Election in 1964?
War on Poverty through the creation of a Great Society

21. Cowboys – not America’s team
Boom decades for cowboys out west?
1860’s to 1880’s
Explain the need for this profession?
Demand for beef after the civil war rose exponentially as cities in the east grew
Most steers in texas – no railheads. Must be taken on ‘long-drive’ to Kansas “cow towns”
Name for sturdy hybrid steer?
Longhorn*
Name for most famous trail?
Chisholm trail*

22. Manifest Destiny Administration & party? Polk – Democrat
Explain manifest destiny
"Manifest Destiny" was the social theory in the USA in the 19th century which claimed that the USA and its citizens were chosen by God. Because of this "choosing" they were entitled to any land they pleased
the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

23. Jefferson Issue of territory
What was the Louisiana purchase? Provide full list of everything you know
Purchased from France – specifically napoleon Bonaparte in 1803
Sales price $15 million dollars
Americans living in the western parts of the united states depended on use of the Mississippi river to new Orleans to ship products
Jefferson struggles with legality of purchase – constitution gives no direction for purchase/acquisition of territory
Presidential power to make treaties clause is used to justify his decision
Purchase doubles the size of the united states
Jefferson sponsors the famous Lewis and Clark expeditions that solidified territorial claims and also provided accurate maps and scientific knowledge

24. Jefferson judicial What was the name of Jefferson’s home? Monticello*
Judiciary
Marbury v. Madison = explain significance
Landmark decision established the principle of judicial review
Judicial review gives the supreme court the power to declare unconstitutional a governmental action that is found to violate some provision of the constitution.
Strengthens the power of the federal government

25. American System Which administration? Monroe*
Who sponsored the ‘American system’ and what was the inspiration behind the idea?
Henry clay – emulates Hamiltonian economics**
Explain basis and intent
Strong federal government – goal to strengthen the union by promoting commerce and stimulating economic growth
Tariff to raise revenue to protect American industries
Tariff revenue used for infrastructure = roads & canals to facilitate trade and unite the country

26. Father of the constitution
Who has the title, party affiliation, years of service?
Madison – democratic republican – 1809 to 1817*
Why is he called this?
his design or framework for a federal government with three branches, legislative, judicial, and executive
Proposed bicameral congress
Madison’s notes on the debates at constitutional convention are a vital historical source for insight to founding fathers debate**
Who was president of the constitutional convention?
George washington

27. Polk the purposeful War
Explain the background for the eventual conflict with Mexico that becomes known as the Mexican-American war?
Annexation of Texas outrages Mexico
Polk intensifies the situation by setting U.S. boundary at Rio Grande River
Mexican cavalry ambushes American troops in disputed territory killing 11
Polk demands congress declare war by claiming Mexico had invaded U.S. territory – arguably not totally true**
Outcome?
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
U.S. receives territory that includes future states of New Mexico, AriZona, California, and parts of future states of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming*

28. Democratic-republican party
First president from this party, years served?
Jefferson – 1801 to 1809*
Why is his election often called “the revolution of 1800”?
Peaceful transfer of political power from defeated federalists to the victorious democratic republicans**
What is Jefferson’s vision for America include?
An agrarian republic
Yeoman farmers exemplified virtue and independence from corrupting influence of cities, bankers, financiers, and industrialists

29. Republican simplicity
What president believed in ‘republican simplicity’?
Jefferson*
What does he mean by this?
New code of presidential etiquette – shake hand with president vs. bowing
A ‘wise and frugal government’
A government that governs best is one that governs least
Cut budget – fired federal tax collectors – eliminated tax on whiskey
Reduces the size of the army and the navy

30. Era of the common man President, party, years served?
Jackson, Democrat, 1829 to 1837*
Explain the ‘spoils system’
Jackson Supporters should take over federal offices held by JQA partisans – no special expertise was necessary to hold a government job; any reasonably capable and well-informed citizen could perform this duty**
Explain the ‘Nullification controversy
Basis = tariff of 1828
SC declares tariff protects northern manufacturing interests and increased cost of manufactured imported goods hurt southern and western farmers.
Southern leaders call it the ‘Tariff of abominations’ declaring it unconstitutional and threaten to secede – led by John C. Calhoun = VP
Force act passed by congress threatens military action – henry clay writes bill that lowers tariff --- crisus averted