1. Lesson 2: The Greek City States

2. Review from December I. Geography of Greece
A.  Ancient Greece was a land surrounded by water and mountains.
B.  Mainland Greece was located on a peninsula which stuck out into the Mediterranean Sea
C.  Hundreds of islands also made up Ancient Greece as well as land across the Aegean Sea in present day Turkey

4. Review from December II. Early Greek Settlements A. Minoans
       1.  1st civilization in the region ( BC)
       2.  Lived on Crete
3. Palace of Knossos
       4.  Wealth from trade
       5.  Collapsed suddenly

5. Review from December II. Early Greek Settlements
B.  Mycenaens ( B.C)
       1.  Lived on mainland
       2.  Great cities - grew powerful from trade and war
       3.  Learned about bronze, astronomy and religion from the Minoans

6. Review from December III. Dark Ages (1100 – 750 B.C.)
A. Greeks left mainland, sailed across Aegean as far as Asia Minor.
B. Decline in food production. No surplus, little trade.
C. No writing, limited learning, discovery.
D. Adopted Phoenician alphabet around 800 BC.
E. Works of Homer appeared near the end of the Dark Age.

7. Lesson 2: The Greek City States
Guiding Question 1: How were the city-states of ancient Greece organized?

8. Polis: The Center of Greek Life
By 750, the city-state, or polis, became the central focus of Greek life.
The center of the polis is where people would meet for political, social, and religious activities.

9. The Greek Polis
Aristotle defines the Greek polis as "an assemblage of houses, lands and property sufficient to enable the inhabitants to lead a civilized life"

10. The Acropolis
The central meeting place in the polis was usually a hill. At the top of the hill was a fortified area called an Acropolis.
The Acropolis served as a place of refuge during an attack, and was a political and religious center on which temples were built.

11. The Athenian Acropolis

12. The Agora
Below the acropolis was an agora, an open area where people could assemble. It was also a market area.

13. The Athenian Agora

14. Where did residents live?
The upper class would live inside the area of the agora, while commoners would live in settlements outside of the walls.

15. Size of City-States
City-states varied greatly in size, from a few square miles to a few hundred square miles.
They also varied in population. Athens had a population of over 300,000 by 5th century BC, but most city states were much smaller.

16. Social Structure
The polis was a community of people who shared a common identity and common goals.
This community consisted of citizens with political rights (adult males), citizens with no political rights (women and children), and noncitizens (laborers, slaves)

17. Responsibilities
All Greek citizens had rights, but those rights came with responsibilities.
Greek philosopher Aristotle argued that a citizen did not belong just to him/herself: “we must rather regard every citizen as belonging to the state”.

18. Responsibilities
Loyalty to the city-state had a positive and negative side.
City-states did not trust each other. The division of Greece into patriotic, independent units helped bring about its downfall.

19. Military As the polis developed, so did a new military system.
In early Greek times, nobles on horseback fought wars in Greece. But by 700 BC, the new military system was based on hoplites.

20. Phalanx
Hoplites went to battle as a unit, marching shoulder to shoulder in a rectangular formation known as a phalanx.
The close formation created a wall of shields to protect them. As long as they kept their order, it was difficult for enemies to harm them.

21. Colonization
Between 750 BC and 550 BC, large numbers of Greeks left their homelands to settle in distant lands.
Overpopulation at home, a desire for good farmland, and growth of trade were the factors that lead to colonization.

23. Colonization
Colonization allowed the Greeks to spread their culture and ideas throughout the Mediterranean.
Colonization also led to increased trade and industry.
Greeks imported (bought/traded) grains, metals, fish, timber, wheat, and slaves.
Greeks exported (sold/traded) pottery, wine, and olive oil.

24. Colonization
Expansion of trade and industry created a new group of wealthy individuals in Greek city-states.
These men wanted political power but found it difficult because of the power of the ruling aristocrats (wealthy, land owning males)

27. Greek Government

28. Monarchy: Rule by a king
Monarchy: Rule by a king. One city-state whose government was a monarchy was the city-state of Corinth.

29. Oligarchy: Rule by a small group
Oligarchy: Rule by a small group. One city-state whose government was an oligarchy was the city-state of Sparta.

30. Tyranny: Rule by individuals who gain power by force
Tyranny: Rule by individuals who gain power by force. Tyrannies in Ancient Greece didn’t last long, but they led to the fourth type of government.

31. Democracy: Rule by the citizens, voting in an assembly
Democracy: Rule by the citizens, voting in an assembly. One city-state whose government experimented for about a hundred years with democracy was the ancient city-state of Athens.

32. Two Rival City States The Big Idea:
The two most powerful city-states in Ancient Greece, Sparta and Athens, had very different cultures and became bitter enemies in the 5th century BC.

34. Sparta
Around 1100 B.C. the Spartans migrated to the Peloponnesus and built the city of Sparta
Like other city-states, Sparta needed more land. Instead of starting colonies, Spartans conquered the neighboring Laconians and Messenians.

35. Spartan Slavery
After their conquest, the Messenians and Laconians became slaves and were made to work for the Spartans.
These captured people became known as helots. To maintain control over the helots, Spartans made a decision to create a military state.

36. Helots
The total population of helots in the 7th century BC, including women, is estimated as 170,000 – 224,000. This was at least 5 times the population of Spartans.
The Helots rebelled in 600 B.C. and were defeated by the Spartans, after this the Spartans killed any helot who made trouble.

37. Spartan Life Spartan life was rigidly organized and controlled.
A Spartan’s entire life revolved around preparation for war.
At birth, children were checked for defects, if they were not strong and healthy they were left on a hillside to die.

38. Spartan Life
When a boy reached the age of seven he was sent to live in a barracks and was trained in military and athletic skills.
He was poorly fed and was encouraged to steal to eat. If he was caught he would be severely punished.

39. Spartan Life
After 13 years of training Spartans began service in the army at the age of 20.
They served until the age of sixty.
Men were allowed to marry at 30, but still had to live in the military camp with the other soldiers. At 30, they also joined the assembly and could vote.

40. Spartan Women
While their husbands lived in the barracks, Spartan women lived at home.
This separation gave Spartan women more freedom and power in the household than elsewhere in Greece.
Spartan women were expected to remain physically fit to bear and raise healthy children.

41. Spartan Women
“Son, come back carrying the shield or being carried on it”
In other words, do not drop your shield in retreat….be victorious or die bravely!

42. Spartan Government
The Spartan government was an Oligarchy headed by two kings, who led the Spartan army on its missions.

43. Ephors
A group of five men, known as ephors, were elected each year and were responsible for education of youth and the conduct of all citizens.

44. Council of Elders
A council of elders, made up of the two kings and 28 citizens over the age of 60, decided on the issues that would be presented to an assembly.
The assembly did not debate. It only voted on issues.

45. Foreigners
To make their state secure, Spartans turned their backs on the outside world.
Foreigners were discouraged from visiting. Spartans were not allowed to travel abroad unless for military reasons.
Spartan citizens were discouraged from studying philosophy, literature, or the arts. The art of war was their only focus.

46. Bellringer
How was the government of Sparta organized? Be sure to use the following vocabulary words in your response:
Oligarchy
Ephors
Council of Elders
Assembly

47. Ancient Athens

48. Athens
By 700 BC, Athens had become a unified polis on the peninsula of Attica.

49. Athens
Athens was the most powerful city-state after the Persian War. Athens was the cultural center of Greece, it had its golden age under the ruler Pericles.
The thing that set Athens apart from the other city-states was its government. Athens was a democracy.

50. Athens
The government of Athens, however, went through several stages before reaching democracy.

51. Athens Early Athens was ruled by a king. MONARCHY
By the 7th century BC, Athens had come under the control of its wealthy, land owning, male citizens.
OLIGARCHY

52. Athens
Increased trade led to the development of a merchant class. these merchants became wealthy and took political power by force.
TYRANNY
Then, after defeating the Persians, Athens took over leadership of the entire Greek world, and expanded the involvement of citizens in their government.
DEMOCRACY

53. Athens
In its development from a Monarchy to Democracy Athens had several people who made important reforms to develop their government.

54. Draco
One of the Tyrants who worked for reform was Draco.

55. Draco Draco was an Athenian politician of the 7th century B.C.
Draco was the first to codify the laws of Athens in 621 BC. He added harsh penalties, including slavery, for people in debt.

56. Draco
His code became famous for its harshness; death was the penalty for almost all crimes. Harsh laws today are often referred to as Draconian.

57. Draco
One advance was in the laws of homicide, which recognized the responsibility of the state, not the victim's family, in punishing a murderer; thus blood feuds were to be avoided.

58. Solon
Solon was a statesman who laid the foundation for democracy in the ancient Greek city-state of Athens.

59. Solon
Solon drew up a clear, simple plan that balanced the rights of the citizens. It had built-in safeguards to keep any one group from oppressing the others.

60. Elimination of Debts
Solon began by passing a law that canceled all debts owed by the poor to rich landowners and forbade that anyone be enslaved for debt in the future.
Then he divided the citizens into four classes according to the property they owned, each with a different share in the government.

61. New Law Code
Finally, Solon wrote a code of laws, simpler and less brutal than the existing Draconian laws.