1. The Industrial Revolution (ca. 1750–1900)

2. The Industrial Revolution
What were the most significant ways the West underwent change during the Industrial Revolution?
Projections as to how it laid foundations for the future?

3. The Industrial Revolution
Industrialization
System of mass production of goods
Human, animal power replaced by mechanization
Based on new sources of mineral energy

4. The Industrial Revolution
The Historical Context in Europe
Largely rural, reliant on agriculture
Agricultural revolution  population doubled!
Putting-out/cottage system
Had not been able to compete with Asian market

5. The Industrial Revolution
Origins: Great Britain
Increased agricultural productivity
Raw materials
Capital
Labor force
Merchant fleet, Empire

6. The Industrial Revolution
Textile Manufacturing
Flying shuttle (1733)
Spinning jenny (1760s)
Water frame (1760s)
Power loom (1785)
Spinning jenny

7. The Industrial Revolution
Power looms, Boott Mills, Lowell

8. The Industrial Revolution
Fuel and Energy
Coal
Steam Engine
Electricity

9. The Industrial Revolution

10. The Industrial Revolution
The Railway
First locomotive (1820s)
Iron and steel
Important functions
London underground railway (1863)
Orient Express (1888)

11. The Industrial Revolution
London Underground, opening day 1863

12. The Industrial Revolution

13. The Industrial Revolution

14. The Industrial Revolution
Benz Patent Motor Car (1887)

15. The Industrial Revolution
Questions?

16. The Industrial Revolution
Urbanization
Cities  centers of industry
Human migration  population increase
The problems
Cities hastily built, ugly
Slums
Disease
Crime, “immorality”

17. The Industrial Revolution
The Bourgeoisie
Middle classes
Derived wealth from capitalistic activities, other professions
Wealth  political power
Lived in comfort
Renoir, Le Moulin de la Galette (1876)

18. The Industrial Revolution
The Proletariat
Working class
The good
Improved wages
Better standard of living
The bad
Job insecurity
Not able to save money
Oppressive work hours
Child labor

19. The Industrial Revolution
“It was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes had allowed it; but as matters stood, it was a town of unnatural red and black like the painted face of a savage. It was a town of machinery and tall chimneys, out of which interminable serpents of smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever, and never got uncoiled. It had a black canal and a river that ran purple with ill-smelling dye, and vast piles of building full of windows where there was a rattling and a trembling all day long, and where the piston of the steam-engine worked monotonously up and down, like the head of an elephant in a state of melancholy madness. It contained several large streets all very like one another, and many small streets still more like one another, inhabited by people equally like one another, who all went in and out at the same hours, with the same sound upon the same pavements, to do the same work, and to whom every day was the same as yesterday and to-morrow, and every year the counterpart of the last and the next.”
Charles Dickens, Hard Times, p. 17

20. The Industrial Revolution
St. Giles (1840s)

21. The Industrial Revolution

22. The Industrial Revolution

23. The Industrial Revolution
Measures Taken
UNIONIZATION
Organized labor
Intended to improve workers’ economic status, working conditions
Government intervention
Urban renewal
Charitable organizations
Pissarro, L’avenue de L’Opéra, Winter Morning (1898)

24. The Industrial Revolution
Savar factory collapse, April 24, 2013

25. The Industrial Revolution
Questions?

26. The Industrial Revolution
Photography (1839)
Purpose: record optical experience
Relied on metal plates, cumbersome equipment
Film  democratization of photography in 1880s

27. The Industrial Revolution

28. The Industrial Revolution
Kodak Pocket Camera (1888)

29. The Industrial Revolution
1927
1922

30. The Industrial Revolution
Questions?

31. The Industrial Revolution
What were the most significant ways the West underwent change during the Industrial Revolution?
Projections as to how it laid foundations for the future?