1. Calculating: percent Composition Empirical Formulas and molecular formulas

2. Law of Constant Composition
A compound contains elements in a certain fixed proportions (ratios) and in no other combinations, regardless of how the compound is prepared or where it is found in nature.

3. Mass Spectrometer
An instrument that is used to measure the molar mass of a compound.
For a full explanation see page

4. Percent Composition
Percent composition is a simple little calculation that has a large impact on chemistry. When a brand new substance is discovered one of the first things that is determined is its chemical make-up.
Percent composition is the percentage in which an atoms mass contributes to the total mass of the molecule.

5. Percent Composition by mass
Calculating by mass- this is done with lab results
Let’s say we have a parking lot full of cars and motorcycles. The lot contains kg of steel of those kilograms are motorcycles.
What is percentage mass of the cars?

6. Percent Composition by mass
mtotal = mcars + mmotorcycles
mcars = mtotal - mmotorcycles
mcars = kg – = kg.
% cars = (mcars / mtotal ) x 100%
= ( kg / kg ) x 100%
= 73 % of the mass is cars

7. % Composition by mass example 2
Chemistry example
3.75g of Hydrogen gas reacts with Oxygen to produce g of water. What is the mass and percent composition of the Oxygen.?

8. % Composition by mass example 2
mH2 = 3.75 g
mH2O = g
mO2 = ?
mH2O - mH2 = mO2
= g g = g

9. % Composition by mass example 2
%H = (mH / mH2O ) x 100% =
= (3.75 g / g ) x 100% = 11.1 %
% O = (mO / mH2O ) x 100% =
= (30.00 g / g ) x 100% = 88.9 %

10. Percent Composition by mass
The general equation for finding the percentage composition of an element is:
% Composition of an element = the total mass of just that element  X 100%                           total mass
NOTE:
This can also be used to calculate the percent composition of existing compounds that we know the formulas to. In this case divide the molar mass of the element by the molecular mass

11. % Composition by Formula
Calculating by formula- we use this method if we want to see what we will get theoretically from a reaction.
If you know the chemical formula it is relatively easy. Find the molar mass of each element and divide it by the molar mass of the molecule.

12. % Composition by Formula
Example:
What is the percent composition of CaCO3
mCa = g/mol
mC = g/mol
mO = 3 x g/mol = g/mol

13. % Composition by Formula
mCaCO3 = = g/mol
% Ca = (40.08 g/mol / g/mol) x 100% = 40.0 %
% C = (12.01 g/mol / g/mol) x 100% = %
% O = (48.00 g/mol / g/mol) x 100% = 48.0 %
The percent composition of CaCO3 is 40.0 % Calcium, 12.0 % Carbon and 48.0% Oxygen.

14. Review: % composition Two ways to calculate it
1. By Mass. (Normally found by lab results)
Normally given the mass of the final product and the mass of one of the reactants.
The mass of the element is divided by the total mass of the compound.
2. By Formula (Normally theoretical)
Given the Chemical formula.
Molar masses must be calculated for each element and divided by the total molar mass of the compound.

15. Questions What is the percentage composition of CaO?
A sample of a liquid with a mass of grams was decomposed into its elements and gave grams of carbon, grams of hydrogen, and grams of oxygen. What is the percentage composition of this compound? 
The drug known as LSD has the formula C20H25N3O. One suspected sample contained 74.07%C, 7.95%H, and 9.99% N.  Are the percentages given in the question consistent for LSD?
Calculate the percentage of nitrogen in the two important nitrogen fertilizers, ammonia, NH3 and urea, CO(NH2)2 

16. Calculating Chemical Formula’s
Empirical formula’s
A chemical formula that represents the symbols of the atoms in the molecule and the ratio that they occur in their simplest whole number.
This formula may not be the correct formula and may actually represent another compound that has the same percent composition.
Ex C2H4 and C4H8 have the same % composition
Ex If we had the compound N2O4 it would be written as NO2.

17. Calculating Chemical Formula’s
Empirical formula’s
Found by calculating the percent composition by mass.

18. Calculating Empirical formula’s
Steps (3)
1. Find the mass of each element in 100g of the compound by using percent composition.
2. Find the amount of moles of each element by converting the mass in 100.0g to moles, using the molar mass of the element.
3. Find the whole-number ratio of atoms in 100g to determine the empirical formula. Reduce to lowest terms.

19. Calculating Empirical formula’s
Ex: Sodium undergoes a combustion reaction with pure Oxygen gas. % Na = 74.00% , % O = %
Find the empirical formula

20. Empirical Example Step 1 mNa = .7400 x 100.0g = 74.00g
mO = x g = 26.00g

21. Empirical Example Step 2 n = ? n = m / M
nNa = 74.00g / g/mol = mol
nO = 26.00g / g/mol = mol

22. Empirical Example Step 3 The ratio of Na : O is 3.219 : 1.625
(3.219 / 1.625) = 2 (1.625 / 1.625) = 1 The ratio is 2 : 1
Therefore the empirical formula would be Na2O

23. Questions:
page 114 # 1,2

24. Calculating Chemical Formula’s
Molecular Formula
A chemical formula that represents the symbols, and number of atoms that are covalently bonded to form a single molecule.
Ex: NO2 and N2O4 have the same percent composition or ratio of atoms in the compound but have different formulas.
The Molecular Mass Must be given

25. Molecular Formula Steps
1. Complete steps 1-3 for determining an empirical formula (In some cases this will be done for you)
2. Calculate the molar mass from the empirical formula
3. Compare the measured molar mass of the substance with the molar mass from the empirical formula. Increase the subscripts in the empirical formula by the multiple needed to make the two masses equal.

26. Calculating the molecular formula example
A compound has a molar mass of g/mol. The percent compositions of the elements in the compound are as follows.
% N = %
% H = 3.98 %
% Cl = %
% O = 47.29%
What is the molecular formula of the unknown compound?

27. Calculating the molecular formula example
Step 1
mN = % x g = g
mH = 3.98 % x g = g
mCl = % x g = g
mO = 47.29% x g = g

28. Calculating the molecular formula example
Step 2
Find Moles
n = m / M
nN = (13.80 g) / (14.01 g/mol) = mol
nH = (3.980 g) / (1.01 g/mol) = 3.94 mol
nCl = (34.93 g) / (35.45 g/mol) = mol
nO = (47.29 g) / (16.00 g/mol) = mol

29. Calculating the molecular formula example
Step 3
The ratio of N : H : Cl : O is : 3.94 : : 2.956
The ratio is 1 : 4 : 1 : 3
Therefore the empirical formula would be NH4ClO3

30. Calculating the molecular formula example
Step 4
M = (14.01 g/mol) + 4 x (1.01 g/mol) + ( g/mol) + 3 x (16.00 g/mol)
= g /mol

31. Calculating the molecular formula example
Step 5
Divide the actual Molecular mass by the empirical molecular mass
( g / mol) / ( g / mol) = 1
Therefore the empirical formula is the same as the molecular formula. NH4ClO3

32. NOTE
Had the answer in step 5 been a number such as a 2 or 3, the empirical formula would have been multiplied by that number.

33. Summary Empirical Molecular Formula: Chemical formula in reduced terms
Full chemical formula
Things needed to find the formula:
- % composition of a compound.
Percent composition and measured molar mass
Found by :
Convert the % composition to mass by multiplying by 100g.
Then find the number of moles. Moles represent the atoms ratio in the compound.
Reduce if needed
Find the Empirical formula
Calculate molecular mass of empirical formula
Compare with measured molecular mass
multiply empirical formula by difference if needed.

34. Questions:
Page 118 # 3-6, page 120 # 1, 3,