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Antibiotic Stewardship and the Misdiagnosis of UTI
Daniel J. Pallin, MD, MPH Director of Research, Department of Emergency Medicine Chairman, Clinical Investigation Committee Brigham and Women’s Hospital Assistant Professor, Medicine and Pediatrics Harvard Medical School 11/7/2018
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Under normal conditions…
2 the skin surface is not sterile… the mouth is not sterile… the colon is not sterile… and in many patients, the bladder is not sterile.
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Asymptomatic Bacteriuria
3 Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Positive urine culture, but no need for antibiotic treatment Exceptions: Pregnancy Urological surgery
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Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines
4 Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines Strength of Recommendation A. Strongest recommendation in favor B. Recommend in favor C. Neutral D. Recommend against E. Strongest recommendation against
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Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines
5 Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines Type of evidence I. Randomized clinical trials II. Well-controlled nonrandomized studies III. Expert opinion, strong logic
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Asymptomatic Bacteriuria: “Do not test, do not treat”
6 Population Quality Elderly, institutionalized A - I Pre-menopausal, non-pregnant women Diabetic women Older people in the community A - II IDSA 2005 ASB guidelines
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Asymptomatic Bacteriuria
7 Population Prevalence Long-term care facility, age ≥70 Women 25-50% Men 15-40% Community, age ≥70 11-16% 4-19% Healthy pre-menopausal women 1-5% IDSA 2005 ASB guidelines
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false diagnosis of UTI Therefore, without UTI symptoms,
8 Therefore, without UTI symptoms, urine testing leads to false diagnosis of UTI Unnecessary antibiotics Missing the real diagnosis ing the real diagnosis
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Case Vignette 75 year old female, “Hip pain”
9 Case Vignette 75 year old female, “Hip pain” Slipped on wet floor at her nursing home Exam reveals shortened & externally rotated leg Xray: hip fracture
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Case Vignette Tests that are done:
10 Case Vignette Tests that are done: CBC, Chem 7, PT/PTT, Type and Screen Chest xray EKG Urine dip
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Challenges Can this lady do a midstream clean-catch?
11 Challenges Can this lady do a midstream clean-catch? Did the clinician specify how the specimen should be collected?
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But the real challenge is…
12 But the real challenge is… Why is the urine being tested in the first place?!
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Was the urine dip ordered? Was it done “because of her age?”
13 Was the urine dip ordered? Was it done “because of her age?” Was it done “because we always do that?”
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Reminder Population Prevalence 25-50% 15-40% 11-16% 4-19% 1-5%
14 Population Prevalence Long-term care facility, age ≥70 Women 25-50% Men 15-40% Community, age ≥70 11-16% 4-19% Healthy pre-menopausal women 1-5% IDSA 2005 ASB guidelines
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Antibiotics in long-term care
15 Antibiotics in long-term care 2/3 elderly long-term care residents receive antibiotics every year.
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16 conceptual framework: Spectrum of Appropriateness for urine testing & treatment
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Spectrum of Appropriateness
Spectrum of Appropriateness 17 no symptoms specific symptoms non-specific symptoms
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non-specific symptoms
18 no symptoms non-specific symptoms specific symptoms
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19 No symptoms DO NOT TEST! DO NOT TREAT!
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Test & treat (or just treat)
20 Specific symptoms Test & treat (or just treat)
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Loeb Criteria: Should I Treat?
21 No Chronic Cath Chronic Cath Acute dysuria Any one of the following: or Temp ≥ 100 or 2.4oF above baseline plus increase in any of: Rigors Urgency New delirium Frequency Suprapubic pain Gross hematuria Costovertebral angle tenderness Urinary incontinence
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Non-specific symptoms
22 Non-specific symptoms Individualize care
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The Gray Zone Weak and dizzy Altered mental status Decreased appetite
23 The Gray Zone Weak and dizzy Altered mental status Decreased appetite Decreased mobility Fever without a focus
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The Gray Zone – Evidence? Can J Emerg Med 2007;9(2):87-92
24 The Gray Zone – Evidence? Can J Emerg Med 2007;9(2):87-92 Ducharme et al. studied 200 ED patients aged ≥65 100 with vague symptoms, possibly UTI 100 with no urinary symptoms
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Study Definitions Vague Symptoms No UTI Symptoms Confusion Cast check
25 Vague Symptoms No UTI Symptoms Confusion Cast check Weakness Minor trauma Fever without focus etc. (No fever allowed in “no symptoms” group.) (No fever allowed in “no symptoms” group.)
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The gray zone patient probably does NOT have UTI! (p value = 0.34)
26 Positive Urine Culture No symptoms 14% Vague symptoms 19% Ducharme, Can J Emerg Med 2007;9(2):87-92 The gray zone patient probably does NOT have UTI! (p value = 0.34)
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Can I defer antibiotics?
27 Can I defer antibiotics? Communicate with the team that will care for the patient next. Inpatient Nursing home
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Why is this important? Antibiotic stewardship Efficiency in the ED
28 Why is this important? Antibiotic stewardship Efficiency in the ED Premature closure/patient safety
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Antibiotic Stewardship
29 Antibiotic Stewardship Individual patient C. difficile Other diarrhea Allergy Drug interactions Society Widespread antibiotic resistance
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Emergency physicians already in stewardship mode for:
30 Emergency physicians already in stewardship mode for: Rhinitis Viral pharyngitis Bronchitis Acute gastroenteritis “Don’t just do something – stand there!”
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Efficiency in the ED Prescriber’s bandwidth is finite.
31 Efficiency in the ED Prescriber’s bandwidth is finite. Nurse’s time is finite. We all need to avoid distractions.
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Premature Closure/ Patient Safety
32 Premature Closure/ Patient Safety UTI is blamed, while the real criminal goes free. Hyponatremia Dehydration Ischemia Medication adverse events Etc.
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Collection Test Characteristics
33 Collection Test Characteristics Suprapubic aspiration Catheter Midstream clean-catch First-void non-clean-catch
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Catheterization In-and-out catheterization, a.k.a. “straight cath”
34 Catheterization In-and-out catheterization, a.k.a. “straight cath” Common and safe Embarrassing and uncomfortable Highly accurate (for the presence of bacteria only!) itPitfall: never culture an old catheter. fall: never culture an old catheter.
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Midstream Clean-Catch
35 Midstream Clean-Catch Difficult for the elderly Cognitive limitations Short-term memory limitations Physical limitations
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Midstream Clean-Catch
36 Midstream Clean-Catch When done correctly: False positive: 22% False negative: 23% For the presence of bacteria only! Reference Roberts & Hedges – need to look at some other references.
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Midstream Clean-Catch
37 Midstream Clean-Catch No symptoms + no pyuria = no infection Pyuria without symptoms ≠ infection Symptoms with negative dipstick ≠ no infection (poor sensitivity) Squamous epithelial cells ≠ contamination.
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First-void non-clean-catch
38 First-void non-clean-catch Necessary for PCR Best test for gonorrhea and chlamydia Must not have voided x 1 hour
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Mid-stream and first-void?
39 Mid-stream and first-void? Extremely difficult to explain & coordinate
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Case Vignette 2 45 year old man has new-onset dysuria Challenges:
40 Case Vignette 2 45 year old man has new-onset dysuria Challenges: What tests? Collection method? Is urine dip accurate? Is urinalysis accurate? Is urine culture accurate?
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What to do about collection?
41 What to do about collection? Communication is key! Between RNs and prescribers Explain to patients what is needed Ask patients what they did Always consider cath if the voided specimen is dirty
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Specific Action Items re. sample collection
42 Specific Action Items re. sample collection Prescribers Nurses Leadership
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Sample Collection: Prescribers
43 Sample Collection: Prescribers When there are no symptoms: Do not test, do not treat! In the gray zone, beware premature closure! Consider observation. Focus on differential diagnosis. Most of these patients probably don’t have UTI.
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Sample Collection: Nurses
44 Sample Collection: Nurses Don’t test urine without an order Collect and hold Specify & record collection technique. hCG okay
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Sample Collection: Leadership
45 Sample Collection: Leadership Target providers: No non-indicated orders. Target nurses: No non-ordered tests. System-wide: Separate surveillance from clinical practice.
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General Take-Home Messages
46 General Take-Home Messages Prescribers Nurses Leadership
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Prescribers Use the conceptual framework Formal, written orders only
47 Prescribers Use the conceptual framework Formal, written orders only Specify collection method
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Conceptual Framework No symptoms Vague symptoms Specific symptoms
48 Conceptual Framework No symptoms DO NOT TEST OR TREAT Vague symptoms Beware premature closure – focus on DDx Consider observation instead of treatment Specific symptoms Test & treat as indicated
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Nurses and Assistants Collect and hold only
49 Nurses and Assistants Collect and hold only Advocate for better practice: no urine testing (except hCG) without prescriber’s order Improve communication What sample do we need? What sample did we get?
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Leadership Policies Education No tests without orders
50 Leadership Policies No tests without orders No orders without symptoms No mixing of billing-related surveillance with clinical care Education Asymptomatic bacteriuria definition & prevalence First-void vs. midstream clean-catch (gonorrhea/chlamydia vs. traditional)
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Tools for practice improvement
51 Tools for practice improvement ED Clinician Education Sheet Use for small group or 1:1 education Post as a visual reminder to clinicians Designed as legal sized document but can be printed 8.5 x 11 Patient/family brochure on prudent use of antibiotics Use to support patient/family education conversations
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Clinician Education Sheet
52 Clinician Education Sheet
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Patient/Family Brochure
53 Patient/Family Brochure
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If we remember one thing…
54 Population Prevalence Long-term care facility, age ≥70 Women 25-50% Men 15-40% Community, age ≥70 11-16% 4-19% Healthy pre-menopausal women 1-5% IDSA 2005 ASB guidelines
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