1. ENERGY SOURCES
&
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

2. FOSSIL FUELS PROS & CONS
CHEAP
ABUNDANT SUPPLY FOR NEXT 50 YEARS
CONTRIBUTES TO GLOBAL WARMING
NON RENEWABLE

3. … can be classified as either:
Energy Sources
… can be classified as either:
Renewable –
can be used over and over again because they can be replaced in a short period of time.
Nonrenewable –
After they are used once it will take a long time for them to be replenished, if at all

4. Energy Sources Continued
Renewable:
Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Hydropower from H2O
Biomass from burning wood and organic material
Geothermal
Nonrenewable:
Fossil Fuels
Oil, Natural Gas & Coal
Nuclear

5. U.S. Capacity and Market Share by Fuel 2000
Capacity Factor (percent)
Generation Share (percent)
Generation (billion kWh)
Coal
71.0
51.7
1966
Oil & Gas
29.1
19.0
724
Nuclear
87.9
19.8
754
Hydro
39.6
7.3
276
Geothermal
57.6
0.4 14
Biomass
69.1
1.6 61
Wind
26.8
0.1 6
Photo-voltaic
15.1
<0.1
0.5

6. Looking at the next 2 slides, answer the following questions:
In 1949, what source was used the most to generate electricity? 2nd ?
When did we start using Nuclear to generate electricity?
In 2006, what source is used the most to generate electricity? 2nd?
How does 2006 compare to 1949?

7. Nuclear Electric Power Conventional Hydroelectric Power
Table 8.2a  Electricity Net Generation:  Total (All Sectors),                          (Sum of Tables 8.2b and 8.2d; Billion Kilowatt-hours)
Year
Fossil Fuels
Nuclear Electric Power
Hydro- electric Pumped Storage 5
Renewable Energy
Other 9
Total
Coal 1
Petroleum 2
Natural Gas 3
Other Gases 4
Conventional Hydroelectric Power 
Biomass
Geo- thermal
Solar/PV 8
Wind
Wood 6
Waste 7
1949
135.5
28.5
37.0 NA
201.0
0.0
[10]
94.8
0.4
95.2
296.1
1950
154.5
33.7
44.6
232.8 .0
100.9 .4
101.3
334.1
1951
185.2
28.7
56.6
270.5
104.4
104.8
375.3
1952
195.4
29.7
68.5
293.6
109.7 .5
110.2
403.8
1953
218.8
38.4
79.8
337.0
109.6
110.0
447.0
1954
239.1
31.5
93.7
364.4
111.6 .3
111.9
476.3
1955
301.4
37.1
95.3
433.8
116.2
116.5
550.3
1956
338.5
35.9
104.0
478.5
125.2 .2
125.4
603.9
1957
346.4
40.5
114.2
501.1
(s)
133.4
133.5
634.6
1958
344.4
40.4
119.8
504.5
143.6
143.8
648.5
1959
378.4
46.8
146.6
571.9
141.2
141.3
713.4
1960
403.1
48.0
158.0
609.0
149.4 .1
149.6
759.2
1961
421.9
48.5
169.3
639.7
1.7
155.5
155.8
797.1
1962
450.2
48.9
184.3
683.4
2.3
172.0
172.2
857.9
1963
493.9
52.0
201.6
747.5
3.2
169.0
920.0
1964
526.2
57.0
220.0
803.2
3.3
180.3
180.7
987.2
1965
570.9
64.8
221.6
857.3
3.7
197.0
197.4
1,058.4
1966
613.5
78.9
251.2
943.6
5.5
197.9
198.5
1,147.5
1967
630.5
89.3
264.8
984.6
7.7
224.9
225.6
1,217.8
1968

8. Nuclear Electric Power Conventional Hydroelectric Power
Table 8.2a  Electricity Net Generation:  Total (All Sectors),                          (Sum of Tables 8.2b and 8.2d; Billion Kilowatt-hours)
Year
Fossil Fuels
Nuclear Electric Power
Hydro- electric Pumped Storage 5
Renewable Energy
Other 9
Total
Coal 1
Petroleum 2
Natural Gas 3
Other Gases 4
Conventional Hydroelectric Power 
Biomass
Geo- thermal
Solar/PV 8
Wind
Wood 6
Waste 
2000
1,966.3
111.2
601.0
14.0
2,692.5
753.9
-5.5
275.6
37.6
23.1
14.1 .5
5.6
356.5
4.8
3,802.1
2001
1,904.0
124.9
639.1
9.0
2,677.0
768.8
-8.8
217.0
35.2
R 14.5
13.7
6.7
R 287.7
R 11.9
3,736.6
2002
1,933.1
94.6
691.0
11.5
2,730.2
780.1
-8.7
264.3
38.7
R 15.0
14.5 .6
10.4
R 343.4
R 13.5
3,858.5
2003
1,973.7
119.4
649.9
15.6
2,758.6
763.7
-8.5
275.8
37.5
R 15.8
14.4
11.2
R 355.3
R 14.0
3,883.2
2004
1,978.6
120.6
709.0
16.8
2,825.0
788.5
268.4
R 15.5
14.8
R 351.0
3,970.6
2005
R 2,013.2
R 122.5
R 758.0
R 16.3
R 2,910.0
R 782.0
-6.6
R 270.3
R 38.7
R 14.7
R .6
R 17.8
R 357.5
R 12.5
R 4,055.4
2006P
1,987.2
63.2
807.6
16.0
2,874.0
787.2
-6.9
288.3
39.4
16.2
25.8
385.0
4,053.0

9. GENERATING ELECTRICTY AS A NATION 2001

10. GENERATING ELECTRICITY IN
TEXAS IN 2001

12. The principles of electricity generation were discovered by Michael Faraday in He found that moving a bar magnet through a wire coil generated electricity.
Modern generators are more complex, but the difference is mainly one of scale.
Power stations range in size from single wind driven devices to major industrial sites, employing many hundreds of staff, but what they are all doing is converting one kind of energy into another. Different stations use a variety of energy sources but they all generate electricity in the same way.

14. How does burning fossil fuels affect the environment?
Fossil Fuels Effect on the Environment
How does burning fossil fuels affect the environment?
Contributes to the greenhouse effect (Global Warming)
Contributes to acid rain
Natural Gas does NOT pollute as much as Coal

15. Why do we use coal/natural gas to generate electricity?
Fossil Fuels Effect on the Environment (cont.)
Why do we use coal/natural gas to generate electricity?
Cheaper because we have an abundant supply and our generating plants are set up to burn mainly coal.
New generating plants would have to be built

16. Fossil Fuels Effect on the Environment (cont.)
Power stations waste a lot of the energy in the fossil fuels they burn.
The best convert only about 38% of it into electricity.
Most of the wasted energy is heat – in the flue gases, and in the water used to condense the steam as it leaves the turbine cylinders.

19. Coal in Texas is found as lignite which has a low heating value and a high sulfur content.

20. Energy Transformations for Coal Plants

21. Energy Transformations for Coal Plants

22. Energy Transformations for Coal Plants
Coal is pulverized into dust
Hot air blows coal dust into the furnace
The dust burns like a gas and boils the water
Superheated steam drives the turbines
The generator produces electricity
Steam is cooled and converted into water by the condenser
The warm water is cooled by air blowing through the tower
Water is recirculated to maximize use

23. Energy Transformations for Coal Plants
Generating Electricity Using an Electromagnet
Generator

24. Energy Transformations for Coal Plants
CHEMICAL----HEAT-----MECHANICAL—ELECTRICAL
This same method can be used for the other types of fossil fuel plants (oil, natural gas, and other petroleum products).

26. This is the rotor which was removed from the generator shown above.

27. Energy Conversions for
Nuclear Power Plants
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

28. Energy Conversions for
Nuclear Power Plants
NUCLEAR REACTOR

29. Energy Conversions for
Nuclear Power Plants
Liquid in the primary loop is pass through the reactor and becomes superheated.
The liquid in the primary loop is then passed through a steam generator where it transfers heat to the water in the secondary loop.
Water in the secondary loop absorbs the heat energy from the primary loop and changes from a liquid to superheated gas (steam).
The steam then rises and is force through turbines which turn generators producing electricity.
The steam is then passed through a condenser that has cool water from an outside storage area (usually a lake or river) pumped through a tertiary loop which helps take the excess heat way condensing the steam back into a liquid in the secondary loop.
The water in the tertiary loop becomes steam itself as it absorbs the heat energy and is usually the “smoke” that is seen leaving the nuclear power plant.

30. Energy Conversions for
Nuclear Power Plants
NUCLEAR---HEAT---MECHANICAL---ELECTRICAL

31. Nuclear Waste During fission, very harmful radiation is released.
The most harmful of which are gamma radiation.
When the human body is exposed to radiation, it can cause tumors and can do extreme damage to the reproductive organs. For this reason, problems associated with radioactivity can be passed on to the victim's children as well.
That is why radioactive waste produced by nuclear power plants is so dangerous.

32. Nuclear Waste (cont.)
After about 18 months in a reactor, fission begins to slow down, and the uranium rods must be replaced.
It takes about 2 months to remove the old rods and place in the new ones.
The used-up uranium rods are stuck in containers which are placed in swimming-pool sized tanks of water. In these tanks, the old rods lose some of their radioactivity and begin to cool down.
However, many nuclear power plants are now running into the problem of their water tanks getting full of the rods, and are in need of a permanent storage place.

33. Nuclear Waste (cont.)
Many scientists have argued about a long term storage for our nuclear waste. Many think the waste should be placed in concrete containers and buried far beneath the Earth's surface. Others say that some of the waste should be loaded into rockets and shot at the sun.
Some countries have already decided on their plans. Canada is currently looking at a plan to bury their radioactive waste underneath the Canadian Shield.
The United States has buries their waste underground in Nevada where some nuclear experiments and tests are conducted.
So far, continuing debates have prevented much of anything from being done about nuclear waste.
Unfortunately, after buried underground, the nuclear waste can take millions of years to decay.

34. PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS ON TOP OF A HOUSE

35. GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT DIAGRAM

37. BEJING WIND GENERATOR BEING BUILT IN 2007
FOR OLYMPICS 2008

38. WIND GENERTORS IN HAWAII

40. HOOVER DAM outside of Las Vegas, Nevada

41. HYDROELECTRIC GENERATES 24% OF OUR ELECTRICITY

43. Conserving our Energy Sources
Let’s think of some ways we can conserve energy in the following areas:
1. Heating & Cooling
2. Electricity
3. Gasoline
4. Reduce, Reuse & Recycle