CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

INTRODUCTION Earthmoving equipments Construction vehicles
 It is a common fact that we find a wide variety of construction machines on every construction sites, which make the construction jobs easy, safe and quicker.  Depending on the application, construction machines are classified into various categories which we are discussing here. Earthmoving equipments Construction vehicles Material handling equipments Construction equipments

GROUP A : EARTHMOVING EQUIPMENTS
*Earthmoving equipment is used in the construction industry to : shift large amounts of earth, dig foundations and landscape areas. *Types of earthmoving equipment include hydraulic excavators, bulldozers, compressors and loaders.

A1 : EXCAVATORS  Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, stick, bucket and cab on a rotating platform (known as the "house").  The house sits atop an undercarriage with tracks or wheels.  Excavators are also called diggers  Excavators are used in many ways:  Digging of trenches, holes, foundations  Material handling  Brush cutting with hydraulic attachments  Forestry work  Demolition  General grading/landscaping  Heavy lift, e.g. lifting and placing of pipes  Mining, especially, but not only open-pit mining  River dredging  Driving piles, in conjunction with a pile driver

A1 : EXCAVATORS

A2 : LOADERS  A loader is a heavy equipment machine often used in construction, primarily used to Load material (such as asphalt, demolition debris, dirt, snow, feed, gravel, logs, raw minerals, recycled material, rock, sand, and woodchips) into or onto another type of machinery (such as a dump truck, conveyor belt, feed- hopper, or railcar).

A3 : SKID STEER LOADERS  A skid loader or skid-steer loader is a small rigid frame, engine-powered machine with lift arms used to attach a wide variety of labor-saving tools or attachments.  Though sometimes they arre equipped with tracks, skid- steer loaders are typically four-wheel vehicles with the wheels mechanically locked in synchronization on each side, and the left-side drive wheels can be driven independently of the right- side drive wheels.

A4 : GRADERS  A grader, also commonly referred to as a road grader, a blade, a maintainer, or a motor grader, is a construction machine with a long blade used to create a flat surface.  Typical models have three axles, with the engine and cab situated above the rear axles at one end of the vehicle and a third axle at the front end of the vehicle, with the blade in between.

A4 : GRADERS equipment or engineering scrapers and
 In civil engineering, the grader's purpose is to "finish grade" (refine, set precisely) the "rough grading" performed by heavy equipment or engineering scrapers and vehicles such as bulldozers.  Graders are commonly used in the construction and maintenance of dirt roads and gravel roads.  In the construction of paved roads they are used to prepare the base course to create a wide flat surface for the asphalt to be placed on..

A5 : CRAWLER LOADERS it reliable crawler loader
 The crawler loader combines the stability of the crawler tractor with the abilities of a wheel loader.  However, to construct a it reliable crawler loader requires more than simply attaching a loader bucket onto a crawler tractor. It must be designed with its specific purpose in mind to ensure it has the strength to withstand heavy excavating.

A5 : CRAWLER LOADERS hydraulic excavators diminished the loader
 The introduction of hydraulic excavators diminished the loader market for the crawler because it was unable to match the excavator's lifting power and flexibility.  However, crawler loaders are capable of maneuvering across the entire construction site under its own power, whereas most require hydraulic towing or excavators transport. While crawler tractors are still being manufactured today for niche markets, they reached their peak of popularity in the s.

A6 : BACKHOE rear actor or back actor, is a piece of excavating digger
 A backhoe, also called a rear actor or back actor, is a piece of excavating digger equipment or consisting of a digging bucket on the end of a two- part articulated arm. They are typically mounted on the back of a tractor or front loader.

A6 : BACKHOE  The section of the arm closest to the vehicle is known as the boom, and the section which carries the bucket is known as the dipper or dipper stick (the terms "boom" and "dipper" having been used previously on steam shovels). The boom is attached to the vehicle through a pivot known as the kingpost, which allows the arm to slew left and right, usually through a total of around 200 degrees. Modern backhoes are powered by hydraulics.

A7 : BULLDOZERS  A bulldozer is a crawler (continuous tracked tractor) equipped with a substantial metal plate (known as a blade) used to push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, or other such material during construction or conversion work and typically equipped at the rear with a claw-like device (known as a ripper) to loosen densely-compacted materials.

A8 : TRENCHERS  Trenchers, or ditchers as they are sometimes called, are similar to excavators in the sense that they penetrate the earth, breaking soil and rock, and remove it from the ground. They differ from excavators in that the soil is removed in one continuous movement. Trenchers are specifically used for digging trenches for pipes, but other machines have been improvised in the past to

A8 : TRENCHERS  Trenchers can come in two types: ladder trenchers and wheel trenchers, and can dig trenches at speeds that other machines cannot compare to.

A9 : SCRAPERS  In civil engineering, a wheel tractor-scraper is a piece of heavy equipment used for earthmoving.  The rear part has a vertically moveable hopper (also known as the bowl) with a sharp horizontal front edge. The hopper can be hydraulically lowered and raised. When the hopper is lowered, the front edge cuts into the soil or clay like a plane and fills the hopper.

A9 : SCRAPERS  When the hopper is full it is raised, and closed with a vertical blade (known as the apron). The scraper can transport its load to the fill area where the blade is raised, the back panel of the hopper, or the ejector, is hydraulically pushed forward and the load tumbles out. Then the empty scraper returns to the cut site and repeats the cycle.

A10 : WHEELED LOADING SHOVELS
 A power shovel (also stripping shovel or front shovel or electric mining shovel) is a bucket-equipped machine, usually electrically powered, used for digging and loading earth or fragmented rock and for mineral extraction.  Power shovels are used principally for excavation and removal of overburden in open- cut mining operations, though it may include loading of minerals, such as coal. They are the modern equivalent of steam shovels, and operate in a similar fashion.

A10 : WHEELED LOADING SHOVELS
 A shovel's work cycle, or digging cycle, consists of four phases:  digging  swinging  dumping  returning

CONSTRUCTION VEHICLES
* Engineering or Construction vehicles are heavy-duty vehicles, specially designed for executing construction (Civil engineering) tasks, most frequently, ones involving earth moving.

B1 : DUMPERS  A dumper is a vehicle designed for carrying bulk material, often on building sites. Dumpers are distinguished from dump trucks by configuration: a dumper is usually an open 4-wheeled vehicle with the load skip in front of the driver, while a dump truck has its cab in front of the load.

B1 : DUMPERS name "dumper" from. They are comes normally
 The skip can tip to dump the load; this is where the name "dumper" from. They are comes normally diesel powered. A towing eye is fitted for secondary use as Modern a site dumpers tractor. have payloads of up to 10 tones and usually steer by articulating at the middle of the chassis.

B2 : TIPPERS  A truck or lorry the rear platform of which can be raised at the front end to enable the load to be discharged by gravity also called tip truck.

B2 : TIPPERS resulting in lower operating costs.
 Tippers are suited for the rough and tumble of mining & quarrying operations, as well as for carrying bulk loads in construction and infrastructure industries. Complete maneuverability, high performance and long-term endurance are common to all trucks, resulting in lower operating costs.

B3 : TRAILERS  A trailer is generally an unpowered vehicle pulled by a powered vehicle.  Commonly, the term trailer refers to such vehicles used for transport of goods and mate rials.

B3 : TRAILERS

MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENTS

C1 : CRANES type of machine, generally
 A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist, wire ropes or chains, and sheaves, that can be used both to materials lift and lower and to move It is lifting and them mainly heavy horizontally. used for things transporting them to other places.

C1 : CRANES  It uses one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage and thus move loads beyond the normal capability of a man. Cranes are commonly employed in the transport industry for the loading and unloading of freight, in the construction industry for the movement of materials and in the manufacturing industry for the assembling of heavy equipment.

C2 : CONVEYORS location Conveyors to another. are especially
 A conveyor system is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment that moves materials from one location Conveyors to another. are especially useful in applications involving the transportation of heavy or bulky materials. Conveyor systems allow efficient quick and transportation for a wide variety of materials, which make them very popular in the material handling and packaging industries

C2 : CONVEYORS

C3 : FORKLIFTS capacities. In a typical most warehouse setting
 A forklift truck (also called a lift truck, a fork truck, a forklift, or a tow-motor) is a powered industrial truck used to lift and transport materials.  Forklift trucks are available in many variations and load capacities. In a typical most warehouse setting forklifts used have load capacities between one to five tons. Larger machines, up to 50 tons lift capacity are used for lifting heavier loads,

C3 : FORKLIFTS

C4 : HOISTS manually electrically pneumatically operated,
 A hoist is a device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or lift- wheel around which rope or chain wraps. It may be manually electrically pneumatically operated, or driven and may wire use chain, rope as The fiber or its lifting medium. attached to load is the hoist by means of a lifting hook

C4 : HOISTS buckhoist operations. for full time The carry purpose is
 Also known as a Man-Lift, Buckhoist, temporary elevator, builder hoist, passenger hoist or construction elevator, this type of hoist is commonly used on large scale construction projects, such as high- rise buildings or major hospitals. There are many other uses for the construction elevator.  Many other industries use the buckhoist operations. for full time The carry purpose is being to personnel, materials, and equipment quickly between the ground and higher floors, or between floors in the middle of a structure.

GROUP D : CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS

D1 : TUNNELING AND HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
 A tunnel boring machine (TBM) also known as a "mole", is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. They can bore through anything from hard rock to sand. Tunnel diameters can range from a meter (done with micro- TBMs) to m to date. Tunnels of less than a meter or so in diameter are typically done using trenchless construction horizontal methods directional TBMs. or drilling rather than

D2 : CONCRETE MIXERS mixer (also a cement commonly called mixer) is a
 A concrete mixer (also a cement commonly called mixer) is a device that homogeneously combines such as cement, aggregate gravel, and sand or form water to concrete. A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to mix the components. For smaller volume works portable concrete mixers are often used so that the concrete can be made at the construction site, giving the workers ample time to use the concrete before it hardens.

D2 : CONCRETE MIXERS transport
 Special concrete transport trucks (in–transit mixers) are made to transport and mix concrete up to the construction site. They can be charged with dry materials and water, with the mixing occurring during transport. With this process, the material mixing. has already been The concrete mixing transport truck maintains the material's liquid state through agitation, or turning of the drum, until delivery.

D3 : COMPACTORS  A compactor is a machine or mechanism used to reduce the size of waste material or soil through compaction.  In construction, there are three main types of compactor: the plate compactor, the "Jumping Jack" and the road roller. The roller type compactors are used for compacting crushed rock as the base layer underneath concrete or stone foundations or slabs.

D3 : COMPACTORS  The plate compactor has a large vibrating base plate and is suited for creating a level grade, while the jumping jack compactor has a smaller foot. The jumping jack type is mainly used to compact the backfill in narrow trenches for water or gas supply pipes etc. Road rollers may also have vibrating rollers.

D4 : PAVERS finisher, paving
 A paver (paver asphalt finisher, finisher, paving machine) is an engineering vehicle used to lay asphalt on roadways. It is normally fed by a dump truck. A separate machine, a roller, is then used to press the hot asphalt smooth, mix, even resulting a surface. The sub-base being prepared by use of a grader to trim crushed stone to profile after rolling.

D4 : PAVERS

D5 : SPRAYING AND PLASTERING MACHINES
 Plaster spraying allows a plasterer to skim a drywall more than five times faster than using a hand float to apply it. Although classic gypsum-based plaster can be sprayed if it is "spray grade," prefer mixed most plaster sprayers the organic-based pre- plaster packaged in a plastic bag because the plaster spraying machine does not need to be cleaned out after the job is finished, providing that plaster is kept moist.

D5 : SPRAYING AND PLASTERING MACHINES
 Worm-drive pump Most commonly, sprayers have a worm-drive pump that pumps the plaster up to a spray gun that has a large nozzle, usually 4 to 8 mm, that extrudes the plaster into a chamber on the end of the gun  Piston pump Newer types of plaster sprayer have a piston pump, which has sufficient smooth pressure (untextured) to spray plaster without compressed air.

D6 : ROAD ROLLER or just roller) is a type
 A road roller (sometimes called a roller-compactor, or just roller) is a type compactor engineering vehicle used to compact soil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt in the construction of roads and foundations, similar rollers are used also at landfills or in agriculture.

D7 : STONE CRUSHERS designed to rocks into reduce smaller rock
 A crusher is a machine designed to rocks into reduce smaller rock large rocks, dust. gravel, or Crushers may be used to reduce the size, or change the form, of waste materials so they can be more easily disposed of or recycled, or to reduce the size of a solid mix of raw materials (as in rock ore), so that pieces of different composition can be differentiated.

D7 : STONE CRUSHERS

Importance of Construction Equipments
In Case of major construction projects, the speed of work and the timely completion of work is very important. Due to the reason, the mechanization of most of the construction work is required, in which the construction equipment play the most important role. The proper use of the appropriate equipment contribute to economy, quality, safety, speedy and timely completion of the project. The cost of construction is a major factor in all the projects. The factors that influence construction costs mainly are materials, labour, construction equipments, overhead and profit.

The cost of construction equipment for civil engineering construction projects ranges from 25 % to 40 % of the total project. The amount which is invested in the purchase of a construction equipment should be recovered during the useful period of such equipment.

Classification of Equipments
The Construction equipments are classified as below: The equipment are classified according to the type of work it performs, Intermittent Type: This type of equipments have the intermittent cycle of work. They can be operated on series of work cycles and each cycle completes in itself. Continuous flow type: This type of equipments have a continuous flow of work turned out. Belt conveyors, pipelines, air compressor, etc. are the example of continuous flow type equipments.

Concrete Mixers

Belt Conveyors

Mixed type This type of equipments have characteristics of both, intermittent as well as continuous flow type equipments. They are continuously operated over a defined surface area. After completion of a particular sweep, it requires operation cease and readjustment of its position to resume production on another area. Motor graders, bulldozers, scrapers, etc. are the examples of mixed type equipments.

Motor graders, Bulldozers, Scrapers

The construction machineries or equipments can be broadly classified into following types: Earth Excavating and transportation equipments Hoisting Equipments Conveying Equipments Drilling equipments Pumping equipments Compacting Equipments Pile- Driving Equipments

Earth Excavating and Transportation Equipments

Hoisting Equipments

Conveying Equipments

Drilling Equipments

Pumping Equipments

Compacting Equipments

Pile- Driving Equipments

Depending upon their availability, commercial sizes and specifications, the equipments can be classified into following types: (i) Standard Equipments (ii) Special Equipments

Standard Eqipments: The standard equipments are commonly manufactured and are easily available to the prospective purchasers. They can be used for variety of construction operations without any difficulty and they are available in standard commercial sizes. The initial investment is less as compared to a special equipment. The delivery of standard equipments is very quick, as it is readily available in the market. The repair parts for standard equipment can be obtained more quickly in short period. If the contractor no longer needs a unit of standard equipment, he can usually dispose of it more easily and at a more favorable price than a piece of special equipment.

Special Equipments: The special equipments are those which are manufactured for a specific project or which does not have readily accessible spare parts. The selection of special equipments should be made carefully after proper financial analysis. The initial investment in case of special equipment is very high and there is risk of change in design, it cannot, be used economically on the other project.

Special Construction Equipments

Special Equipments A special order is to be given to the manufacturer of special equipments and a special price is to be given and therefore the delivery of special equipments can be obtained after long period. Examples of special equipment include tunnel- boring machines, large hauling units and very large shovels, such as a 70 to 80 cubic metre shovel used to strip-mine coal.

Special Construction Equipments

Selection of Equipments
The various factors to be considered, while selecting the construction equipment are as follows: Standard Type of Equipments: The contractor should confine their purchase to standard equipment unless a project definitely justifies the purchase of special equipments. Replacement of Parts: Prior to purchasing equipments, the buyer should determine where spare parts are obtained. If the parts are not obtainable quickly, it may be wise to purchase other equipment, for which the parts are quickly available, even though the latter seems less desirable.

Operating Costs: The most efficient and therefore the most economical equipment is one whose operating cost is the minimum. This is a fullproof measure for selection of the equipment. Utilization of Equipments: The maximum utilization of the existing machine should be done to reduce the cost of production of various items of the project.

Availability of Equipment: Sometimes the selection of equipment has to be made from the available equipment held with the manufacturers or dealers. Source of Equipment: Contractor and other users of construction equipment frequently are concerned with a decision as to whether to purchase or rent (Lease) equipments.

Country of Origin: As far as possible, indigenous equipments should be used. This encourages the industry of the country and saves foreign exchange. When imports have to be resorted to, they should be preferable restricted to soft currency area. Operating Facility: The equipments chosen for project should be such that the trained operators fpr the machine are available. Suitability of Equipment for Future: While selecting an equipment, the useful life of the equipment should be compared with the duration of the project. If the life of the equipment is longer, it should be possible to use the equipment for other projects.

Aspect Related to Finance
Now a days, the contractors are allowed for advances on new equipment to be purchased in case of all major contracts. In some cases, even foreign exchange is made available in contracts for import of equipments and spares. The finance can also be arranged from Industrial Development Banks and leasing Companies

Classification of Construction Equipment
Earth-moving equipment Hauling equipment Hoisting equipment Conveying equipment Aggregate and concrete production equipment Pile-driving equipment Tunneling and rock drilling equipment Pumping and dewatering equipment CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

Operations involved in construction of any project
Excavation Digging of large quantities of earth Moving them to distances which are sometimes fairly long Placement Compacting Leveling Dozing Grading Hauling

EXCAVATING AND EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT
Power shovel Back hoe Drag line Clam shell Scrapers Bull dozer CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

OLD  NEW CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

DRAG LINE CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

CLAM SHELL CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

Comparison between different types of equipment
s.no. Items of comparison Power shovel Back hoe Drag line Clam shell 1 Excavation in hard soil or rock Good Not good Poor 2 Excavation in wet soil or mud Moderately good 3 Distance between footing and digging Small Long 4 Loading efficiency Very good Precise but slow 5 Footing required Close to work Close to pit Fairly away from pit 6 Digging level Digs at or above footing level Digs below footing level Digs at or below footing level 7 Cycle time Short Shortly more than power shovel More than power shovel More than the other equipment CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

SCRAPER CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

Bull dozer CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

TRACTOR CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

SMOOTH WHEEL ROLLER CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

SHEEP FOOT ROLLER CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

PNEUMATIC TYRED ROLLER
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

Side dump truck CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

Rear dump truck CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

BOTTOM DUMP TRUCK CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

Dumper CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

MOBILE CRANES CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

OVERHEAD CRANE CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

TOWER CRANE CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

BUCKET CONVEYOR CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

Aerial transport CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

Jaw crushers CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

Roll crusher CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

Rod mill and ball mill CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

Dragline

Concrete placing boom pump

CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

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