1. Warm-Up – 3/17 – 10 minutes
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions:
Describe the four types of airspeed.
Describe the meaning of the white arc on the ASI.
Describe the upper limit of the white arc (VFE).
Describe VNE
What is the indication on the ASI if both the pitot tube opening and the drain hole should become clogged simultaneously?

2. Questions / Comments

3. Warm-Up – 3/17 – 10 minutes
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions:
Describe the four types of airspeed.
Describe the meaning of the white arc on the ASI.
Describe the upper limit of the white arc (VFE).
Describe VNE
What is the indication on the ASI if both the pitot tube opening and the drain hole should become clogged simultaneously?

4. AirSpeed Indicator (ASI)
Multiple types of airspeeds.
Indicated airspeed (IAS)—the direct instrument reading obtained from the ASI
Calibrated airspeed (CAS)—IAS corrected for installation error and instrument error.

5. AirSpeed Indicator (ASI)
True airspeed (TAS)—Because air density decreases with an increase in altitude, an aircraft has to be flown faster at higher altitudes to cause the same pressure difference between pitot impact pressure and static pressure.
TAS increases as altitude increases.

6. AirSpeed Indicator (ASI)
Groundspeed (GS)—the actual speed of the airplane over the ground.
It is TAS adjusted for wind.
GS decreases with a headwind, and increases with a tailwind.

7. Warm-Up – 3/17 – 10 minutes
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions:
Describe the four types of airspeed.
Describe the meaning of the white arc on the ASI.
Describe the upper limit of the white arc (VFE).
Describe VNE
What is the indication on the ASI if both the pitot tube opening and the drain hole should become clogged simultaneously?

8. AirSpeed Indicator Markings
Standard color-coded markings:
White arc — commonly referred to as the flap operating range since its lower limit represents the full flap stall speed and its upper limit provides the maximum flap speed.
Approaches and landings are usually flown at speeds within the white arc.

9. Warm-Up – 3/17 – 10 minutes
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions:
Describe the four types of airspeed.
Describe the meaning of the white arc on the ASI.
Describe the upper limit of the white arc (VFE).
Describe VNE
What is the indication on the ASI if both the pitot tube opening and the drain hole should become clogged simultaneously?

10. AirSpeed Indicator Markings
Lower limit of white arc (VS0)—the stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed in the landing configuration.
Maximum landing weight in the landing configuration (gear and flaps down).
Upper limit of the white arc (VFE)—the maximum speed with the flaps extended.

11. Warm-Up – 3/17 – 10 minutes
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions:
Describe the four types of airspeed.
Describe the meaning of the white arc on the ASI.
Describe the upper limit of the white arc (VFE).
Describe VNE
What is the indication on the ASI if both the pitot tube opening and the drain hole should become clogged simultaneously?

12. AirSpeed Indicator Markings
Red line (VNE)—never exceed speed.
Operating above this speed is prohibited since it may result in damage or structural failure.

13. Warm-Up – 3/17 – 10 minutes
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions:
Describe the four types of airspeed.
Describe the meaning of the white arc on the ASI.
Describe the upper limit of the white arc (VFE).
Describe VNE
What is the indication on the ASI if both the pitot tube opening and the drain hole should become clogged simultaneously?

14. Blockage of the Pitot-Static System
If both the pitot tube opening and the drain hole should become clogged simultaneously, no change is noted on the airspeed indication should the airspeed increase or decrease.

15. Questions / Comments

16. THIS DAY IN AVIATION March 17
1911 — The first Curtiss airplane is bought by the Army Signal Corps.

17. THIS DAY IN AVIATION March 17
1911 — United States Navy Lt. John Rodgers reports to the Wright Co. at Dayton, Ohio for flying instructions.
On March 9, the Wrights had offered to train one Navy pilot if that service bought a Wright flying machine at a cost $5,000.
The conditional offer was later replaced by one that provided unconditional free training for one would-be Navy pilot.

18. THIS DAY IN AVIATION March 17
1921 — The first United States Marine airman to serve in the Pacific arrives on Guam with responsibility for supporting United States land and sea forces in the region.
There, 10 pilots and 90 enlisted men operate seaplanes on reconnaissance duty as Flight L, Fourth Squadron, for 10 years.

19. THIS DAY IN AVIATION March 17
1935 — German authorities make the color-coding at vital aircraft parts obligatory; red for fire circuit-breakers, green for temperature regulators, yellow for throttles and brown for hydraulic circuits.

20. THIS DAY IN AVIATION March 17
1936 — Smoking in an airplane's toilet is as serious an offense as smoking at school.
An Imperial Airways passenger, caught red-handed while lighting up against airline regulations in a Handley Page HP.42 en route from Paris to London, is fined £10 in a Croydon court, England.

21. Questions / Comments

22. February / March 2017 26 27 28 1 2 3 Flight Line Friday QUIZ 4 5 6 7 8
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday 26 27
Chapter 6
Flight Systems
Powerplants 28
Propellers 1
Induction Carb Systems 2
Carb Icing and Heating 3
Flight Line Friday
QUIZ 4 5 6
Ignition Systems 7
Oil Systems 8
Fuel Systems 9 10
HALF DAY
Chap 6 Test 11 12 13
Chapter 7
Flight Instruments 14
Altimeter 15
Vertical Speed Indicator 16
Flight Instruments Airspeed Indicator 17 18 19 20
Flight Instruments Gyro Systems 21
Flight Instruments Magnetic Compass 22
Flight Instruments Review and Test 23
Chapter 8
Flight Manuals 24
Flight Manuals Review and Test 25

23. Questions / Comments

24. 2nd Quarter Requirements (9 weeks – May 24)
All students will complete the following:
Take notes - All in class quizzes and tests
Private Pilot Syllabus
Lessons 1 – 6 (Taxiing through Air Traffic Control)
Must pass written with 80%
Successfully complete 3 times on small sim
Successfully complete 1 time on Main sim
Complete ERAU Aviation 101
3 quizzes and 1 test
Student will receive zero points for all incomplete work – NO make-up / extra credit
NOTE: All unfinished Student Pilot and ERAU must be complete prior to starting Private Pilot and last 3 quizzes and test for ERAU.

25. Questions / Comments

26. Quiz Chapter 7 – Flight Instruments
FAA – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
Quiz

27. 2nd Quarter Requirements (9 weeks – May 24)
All students will complete the following:
Take notes - All in class quizzes and tests
Private Pilot Syllabus
Lessons 1 – 6 (Taxiing through Air Traffic Control)
Must pass written with 80%
Successfully complete 3 times on small sim
Successfully complete 1 time on Main sim
Complete ERAU Aviation 101
3 quizzes and 1 test
Student will receive zero points for all incomplete work – NO make-up / extra credit
NOTE: All unfinished Student Pilot and ERAU must be complete prior to starting Private Pilot and last 3 quizzes and test for ERAU.

28. Questions / Comments

29. Chapter 7 – Flight Instruments
FAA – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

30. Today’s Mission Requirements
Identify in writing how to interpret and operate flight instruments.
Describe the pilot’s ability to recognize errors and malfunctions with flight instruments.
Describe the pitot-static system and associated instruments.
Describe the vacuum system and related instruments.
Describe the gyroscopic instruments and the magnetic compass.
EQ:
Describe the importance of Aeronautical Knowledge for the student pilot learning to fly.

31. Gyroscopic Flight Instruments
Several flight instruments utilize the properties of a gyroscope for their operation.
The most common instruments containing gyroscopes are the turn coordinator, heading indicator, and the attitude indicator.

32. Gyroscopic Flight Instruments
Precession can also create some minor errors in some instruments.
Instruments may require corrective realignment during flight, such as the heading indicator.

33. Gyroscopic Flight Instruments Sources of Power
Gyros are vacuum, pressure, or electrically operated.
Most aircraft have at least two sources of power to ensure at least one source of bank information is available if one power source fails.

34. Gyroscopic Flight Instruments Sources of Power
The vacuum or pressure system spins the gyro by drawing a stream of air against the rotor vanes to spin the rotor at high speed, much like the operation of a waterwheel or turbine.

35. Gyroscopic Flight Instruments Sources of Power
Pressure required for instrument operation varies, but is usually between 4.5 "Hg and 5.5 "Hg.
One source of vacuum for the gyros is a vane-type engine-driven pump that is mounted on the accessory case of the engine.

36. Gyroscopic Flight Instruments Sources of Power
A typical vacuum system consists of an engine-driven vacuum pump, relief valve, air filter, gauge, and tubing necessary to complete the connections.

37. Gyroscopic Flight Instruments Sources of Power
Air is drawn into the vacuum system by the engine-driven vacuum pump.
It first goes through a filter, which prevents foreign matter from entering the vacuum or pressure system.

38. Gyroscopic Flight Instruments Sources of Power
The air then moves through the attitude and heading indicators, where it causes the gyros to spin.
A relief valve prevents the vacuum pressure, or suction, from exceeding prescribed limits.

39. Gyroscopic Flight Instruments Sources of Power
It is important to monitor vacuum pressure during flight, because the attitude and heading indicators may not provide reliable information when suction pressure is low.

40. Gyroscopic Flight Instruments Sources of Power
When the vacuum pressure drops below the normal operating range, the gyroscopic instruments may become unstable and inaccurate.

41. Turn Indicators
Aircraft use two types of turn indicators: turn-and-slip indicator and turn coordinator.
The turn-and-slip indicator shows only the rate of turn in degrees per second.

42. Turn Indicators
The turn coordinator can initially show roll rate and it indicates rate of turn.
Both instruments indicate turn direction and quality (coordination), and also serve as a backup source of bank information in the event an attitude indicator fails.

43. Turn Indicators
Coordination is achieved by referring to the inclinometer, which consists of a liquid-filled curved tube with a ball inside.

44. Turn-and-Slip Indicator
The gyro in the turn-and-slip indicator rotates in the vertical plane, corresponding to the aircraft’s longitudinal axis.

45. Turn-and-Slip Indicator
The turn-and-slip indicator uses a pointer, called the turn needle, to show the direction and rate of turn.

46. Turn Coordinator
The gimbal in the turn coordinator is canted; therefore, its gyro can sense both rate of roll and rate of turn.
When rolling into or out of a turn, the miniature aircraft banks in the direction the aircraft is rolled.

47. Turn Coordinator
The turn coordinator can be used to establish and maintain a standard-rate turn by aligning the wing of the miniature aircraft with the turn index.

48. Turn Coordinator
Two marks on each side (left and right) of the face of the instrument.
The first mark
a wings level zero rate of turn.
The second mark
indicate a standard rate of turn.

49. Turn Coordinator
A standard-rate turn is defined as a turn rate of 3° per second.
The turn coordinator indicates only the rate and direction of turn; it does not display a specific angle of bank.

50. Inclinometer The inclinometer is used to depict aircraft yaw.
Coordinated flight is maintained by keeping the ball centered.
If the ball is not centered, it can be centered by using the rudder.

51. Inclinometer
To center the ball, apply rudder pressure on the side to which the ball is deflected.
Use the simple rule, “step on the ball,” to remember which rudder pedal to press.

52. Inclinometer Instrument Check
During the preflight, check to see that the inclinometer is full of fluid and has no air bubbles.
The ball should also be resting at its lowest point.
When taxiing, the turn coordinator should indicate a turn in the correct direction while the ball moves opposite the direction of the turn.

53. Attitude Indicator
The attitude indicator, with its miniature aircraft and horizon bar, displays a picture of the attitude of the aircraft.
The relationship of the miniature aircraft to the horizon bar is the same as the relationship of the real aircraft to the actual horizon.

54. Attitude Indicator
The instrument gives an instantaneous indication of even the smallest changes in attitude.
The horizon bar represents the true horizon.

55. Attitude Indicator
The relationship of the miniature aircraft to the horizon bar should be used for an indication of the direction of bank.

56. Attitude Indicator
The attitude indicator is reliable and the most realistic flight instrument on the instrument panel.

57. Heading Indicator
The heading indicator is fundamentally a mechanical instrument designed to facilitate the use of the magnetic compass.
Errors in the magnetic compass are numerous, making straight flight and precision turns to headings difficult to accomplish, particularly in turbulent air.

58. Heading Indicator
Because of precession caused by friction, the heading indicator creeps or drifts from a heading to which it is set.

59. Heading Indicator
Another error in the heading indicator is caused by the fact that the gyro is oriented in space, and the Earth rotates in space at a rate of 15° in 1 hour.
The heading indicator may indicate as much as 15° error per every hour of operation.

60. Heading Indicator Instrument Check
As the gyro spools up, make sure there are no abnormal sounds.
While taxiing, the instrument should indicate turns in the correct direction, and precession should not be abnormal.

61. Questions / Comments

62. 3rd Semester Requirements (11 Class Meetings)
All students will complete the following:
Take notes - All In class quizzes and tests
Complete Flight Sim. Student Pilot Syllabus
Lessons 1 – 7 (Straight & Level Flight through First Solo)
Must pass written with 80%
Successfully complete 3 times on small sim
Successfully complete 1 time on Main sim
Complete ERAU Aviation 101
9 quizzes and 3 tests
Student will receive zero points for all incomplete work