Land use efficiency in integrated transport planning

Land use efficiency in integrated transport planning
SPCE Wednesday, 07 November 2018 Land use efficiency in integrated transport planning Dinesh Deshwal, IRSE Sr. Prof.(Civil Engineering) National Indian Railway Academy, Vadodara

outline Modes of Transportation Inter Modal Transportation
SPCE Wednesday, 07 November 2018 outline Modes of Transportation Inter Modal Transportation Modal Transportation and Cost Land Use Impact on Modes of Transportation Tools to study Land Use Impact Railways – Land use and Cost efficient Railways is a high capacity transportation mode Integration of other modes of transportation for composition and decomposition

SPCE Wednesday, 07 November 2018 transportation The aim of transport is to physically move people and supplies in a reliable and safe manner, on time, cost effectively and efficiently to its destination. Transport modes are the means by which people and freight achieve mobility. They fall into one of three basic types – Surface Transport: Road, Rail, Non motorized (Walking, Cycling, Pipelines etc.); Water (Shipping); and Air. Each mode is characterized by a set of Engineering, Operational, Commercial and Environmental factors.

SPCE Wednesday, 07 November 2018 Land Use Land is a scarce resource, whose supply is fixed for all practical purposes. At the same time, the demand for land for various competing purposes is continuously increasing with the increase in human population, technological and economic growth. Land use pattern at any given time is determined by several factors including size of human and livestock population, the demand pattern, the technology in use, the cultural traditions, the location and capability of land, institutional factors like ownership pattern and rights and state regulation. The land use pattern besides having economic implications has also important ecological dimensions, which if ignored can have disastrous consequences.

LAND USE The occupation or utilization of land or water area for any human activity or any purpose defined in the General plan. General Plan (Master Plan) is issued by the Town Planning Authority after consideration of prospective planning of demographic, economic development, public infrastructure, social and environmental factors. Land Use is broadly classified into two categories worldwide i.e. ‘under agriculture’ and ‘non agriculture’. Per capita arable land (world average) is 0.24 hectares. Various Land Use defined in the General Plan are- Residential, Agriculture, Commercial, Industrial, Institutional, Mixed, Roads, Railways & Other Public Infrastructure.

Intermodal Transport Chain
B Intermediate Terminal Connection Abb B Composition Decomposition Local / Regional Distribution National / International Distribution A to B Transport Terminal ( Land use factor predominant)

Integrating Land Use and Transportation Planning
A key issue for sustainable development is the relationship between transportation and land use: some of the land use issues, in the world at large, stem from the misguided investment in transportation systems that prioritize high speed mobility. What inevitably follows is spread out development dependent on the automobile for access to critical needs. This places all other modes of travel at a disadvantage. The highly mobile transportation system affects land use patterns, particularly how people choose to locate their homes and businesses. Spread out land use patterns further increase the demand for transportation because of greater travel distances, and this has become the eternal cycle that is unsustainable in the long-run.

Integrating Land Use (contd..)
When considering integrated land use and transport planning, Place making promotes a simple principle: if you plan cities for cars and traffic, you get cars and traffic. If you plan for people and places, you get people and places. The power of this simple idea is that it reflects basic truths that are rarely acknowledged. One such truth is that more traffic and road capacity are not the inevitable results of growth. They are in fact the products of very deliberate choices that have been made to shape our communities around the private automobiles. We have the ability to make different choices–starting with the decision to design our streets as comfortable places for people.

objectives for transport planning
SPCE Wednesday, 07 November 2018 objectives for transport planning Create adequate mobility to meet socio-economic needs of the country/ community while not creating adverse impact on environment. Green Transportation Hierarchy :- Pedestrians Bicycles Public transportation ( Passenger & Goods) Service and freight vehicles Shareable Taxis Multiple occupant vehicles (car pools) Single occupant vehicles

PRINCIPLES OF LAND USE FOR INTEGRATED TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
Transportation planning programs can foster integration of land use and transportation planning through the following principles: Developing land use, economic development and transportation (or other infrastructure) plans in a coordinated manner, with all elements supporting a common vision. Establishing land use goals and strategies to facilitate alternative transportation modes, including transit and non-motorized transportation. Using a context sensitive solutions approach in planning and project development that considers land use conditions and implications.

PRINCIPLES OF LAND USE …. ( Contd.)
Knitting together transportation projects & programs and public/private investments so that they complement each other and support broader community goals. Accommodating the flow of freight throughout the country while avoiding or minimizing negative impacts on residential, neighborhoods, city centers and the natural environment. Considering a wide range of strategies, tools, and modal options to address transportation and land use issues. The statewide transportation planning process is a forum through which transportation decisions, based in part on these principles, are made at the national/ state level.

PRINCIPLES OF LAND USE…(Contd.)
States are required to conduct comprehensive and collaborative intermodal statewide transportation planning that facilitates the efficient, economic movement of people and goods in all areas of the state, including rural, small urban, and metropolitan areas. Metropolitan transportation planning is the process of examining travel and transportation issues and needs specifically in metropolitan areas. It includes a demographic analysis of the region in question, as well as an examination of travel patterns and trends.

PRINCIPLES OF LAND USE…(Contd.)
Transport planning process includes an analysis of alternatives to meet projected future demands, and for providing a safe and efficient transportation system that meets mobility while not creating adverse impacts to the environment. In metropolitan areas, the responsibility for transportation planning lies with designated Metropolitan Planning Organizations. Policy/ Guidelines are issued by the Government to specify the eligibility and criteria for use of metropolitan and statewide planning program funds to support planning work activities addressing the integration of transportation with other planning activities not directly tied to transportation, including planning to address land use and climate change issues.

SPCE Wednesday, 07 November 2018 Road transport Road infrastructures are large consumers of space with the lowest level of physical constraints among transportation modes. However, physiographical constraints are significant in road construction with substantial additional costs to overcome features such as rivers or hilly terrain. Historically road transportation was developed to support non-motorized forms of transportation, but it is motorization that has shaped the most its development. Road transportation has an average operational flexibility as vehicles can serve several purposes but are rarely able to move outside roads. Road transport systems have high maintenance costs, both for the vehicles and infrastructures.

SPCE Wednesday, 07 November 2018 Rail Transport Railways are composed of a fixed path on which wheeled vehicles/ rolling stock are bound to move. In light of more recent technological developments, rail transportation also include metro rail, monorails and maglev. They have an average level of physical constrains linked to the types of locomotives and carriages. A low gradient is required, particularly for freight operations. Heavy industries are traditionally linked with rail transport systems. Rail is the surface transportation mode offering the highest carrying capacity ( record up to 23,000 tons carrying load in a single train unit). Gauges, however, vary around the world, often challenging the integration of rail systems.

SPCE Wednesday, 07 November 2018 pipelines Pipeline routes are practically unlimited as they can be laid on land or under water. The longest gas pipeline links Alberta to Sarnia (Canada), which is 2,911 km in length. The longest oil pipeline is the Transiberian, extending over 9,344 km from the Russian arctic oilfields in eastern Siberia to Western Europe. Physical constraints are low pertaining to landscape. Pipeline construction costs vary according to the diameter and increase proportionally with the distance and with the viscosity of fluids (from gas - low viscosity, to oil- high viscosity). Pipeline terminals are very important since they correspond to refineries and harbors.

Maritime transportation
SPCE Wednesday, 07 November 2018 Maritime transportation Because of the physical properties of water conferring buoyancy and limited friction, maritime transportation is the most effective mode to move large quantities of cargo over long distances, intercontinental transportation. Main maritime routes are composed of oceans, coasts, seas, lakes, rivers and channels. Maritime transportation has high terminal costs, since port infrastructures are among the most expensive to build, maintain and improve. More than any other mode, maritime transportation is linked to heavy industries, such as steel and petrochemical facilities adjacent to port sites.

SPCE Wednesday, 07 November 2018 Air transportation Air routes are practically unlimited, but they are denser over the North Atlantic, inside North America and Europe and over the North Pacific. Air transport constraints are multidimensional and include the site (a commercial plane needs about 3,300 meters of runway for landing and take off), the climate, fog and aerial currents. Air activities are linked to the tertiary and quaternary sectors, notably finance and tourism, which lean on the long distance mobility of people. More recently, air transportation has been accommodating growing quantities of high value freight and is playing a growing role in global logistics.

SPCE Wednesday, 07 November 2018 telecommunications Cover a grey area in terms of if they can be considered as a transport mode since unlike true transportation, telecommunications often does not have a physicality. Yet, they are structured as networks with a practically unlimited capacity with very low constraints, which may include the physiographic and oceanic masses that may impair the setting of cables. They provide for the instantaneous movement of information. High network costs and low distribution costs characterize many telecommunication networks, which are linked to the tertiary and quaternary sectors (stock markets, business to business information networks, etc.). Telecommunications can provide a substitution for personal movements in some economic sectors.

specific iSSUES oF land use FOR RAILWAYS
Rail operations designed for high capacity & heavy haul, thus require very less gradient ( flatter than 1in 200) and practically level in terminals/station yards. This leads to high embankments and more requirement of land width. Railway alignment particularly for high speeds allows very less degree of curvature which poses constraints to follow a particular set of alignment. Few alternative alignments are thus examined and the most suitable & economical alignment is followed. At terminals/Stations, land factor becomes more predominant. Mixed land use may be kept like Railway , Commercial, industrial. But, still Railway is the most efficient mode of surface transport in terms of land use, energy, environment and over all economical.

Inter modalism Integrated transport systems
Use of different modes in a trip from origin to destination. Techniques for transferring freight from one mode to another have facilitated intermodal transfers. The container has been the major development: Becoming a privileged mode of shipping for rail and maritime transportation. Road transport particularly for collection and dispersion.

Multimodal and Intermodal Transportation
Multimodal Point-to-Point Network Intermodal Integrated Network C C A A B B Transshipment Rail Road D D Transshipment F F E E

Containerization Container
Load unit that can be used by several transport modes. Usable by maritime, railway and road modes. Foremost expression on intermodal transportation. Rectangular shape that can easily be handled. Reference size is the Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit (TEU). The most common container is the 40 footer (12 meters)

Containerization Advantages of containers Standard transport product:
Can be manipulated anywhere in the world (ISO standard). All segments of the industry have access to the standard Specialized ships, trucks and wagons. Flexibility of usage: Transport a wide variety of goods ranging. Raw materials, manufactured goods, cars to frozen products. Liquids (oil and chemical products), Perishable food products (“reefers”; 50% of all refrigerated cargo). Management: Unique identification number and a size type code. Transport management not in terms of loads, but in terms of unit.

Containerization Costs: Speed: Warehousing: Security:
Low transport costs, Speed: Transshipment operations are minimal and rapid. Containerships are on average 35% faster than regular shipping Warehousing: Its own warehouse. Simpler and less expensive packaging. Stacking capacity on ships, trains and on the ground. Security: Contents of the container is unknown to shippers. Can only be opened at the origin, at customs and at the destination. Spoilage and losses (theft), are therefore reduced.

20-Foot Container on Truck (TEU)
Source: Photo courtesy of Gary and Matt Hannes. The Intermodal Container Web Page.

20-Foot Tank Containers Source: Photo courtesy of Gary and Matt Hannes. The Intermodal Container Web Page.

40-Foot Containers Double stacked on a Rail Car

Stacked 40-Foot Containers

40’ Reefer

“Kegger”

4th Generation Containership
Source: COSCO.

Containerization Factors taken into consideration-
Consumption of space. Infrastructure costs. Container handling infrastructures: cranes, warehousing facilities, inland road, rail access, involves major investments for ports and load centers. Stacking : Land use efficient, stacked in multiple layers. Management logistics. Requires management and tracking of every container. Empty travel. Illicit trade/ Security concerns Potential scope to be used in the illicit trade of drug and weapons, as well as for illegal immigration. Security breaches, possibilities of usage of containers for terror activities.

Intermodal Transport Costs
Modal choice Relationship between transport costs, distance and modal choice: Road transport is usually used for short distances. Railway transport for medium distances (500 to 1000 km). Maritime transport for long distances (above 1000 km). Inter modal transport: Opportunity to combine modes. Find a less costly alternative than an unimodal solution. Efficiency of contemporary transport systems: Capacity to route freight. Capacity to transship it.

Connect between modes of transport and development
SPCE Wednesday, 07 November 2018 Connect between modes of transport and development People and freight are forced to use the only available modes that may not be the most effective to support the mobility needs of passengers or freight. For these reasons, transport provision is seen as a major factor in economic development. Areas with limited modal choices tend to be among the least developed. The developed world, on the other hand possesses a wide range of modes that can provide services to meet the needs of society and the economy.

Consideration of Land Use impact
SPCE Wednesday, 07 November 2018 Consideration of Land Use impact Accessibility is the key to understanding the link between transportation and land use. When a transportation project or policy makes it easier to access certain locations, these places can become attractive to more or different types of development. However, improving accessibility does not guarantee that land use changes will follow. The type, amount and timing of land use changes will also depend upon the state of regional economy, the current levels of accessibility, the types of development permitted by land use regulations, the availability of services such as sewer and water, the desirability of the area for development and other factors.

SPCE Wednesday, 07 November 2018 Consideration of Land Use impact We do know that the type and scope of transportation project or policy change can affect the range of potential outcomes. Larger scale transportation projects like adding capacity to freeways are more likely to produce measurable land use changes than small scale projects like changing signalization on arterials. There has been growing expectation in the society that transportation system services and improvements should contribute to the achievement of local, regional and statewide growth and land used plans and objectives. As a result, transportation planning at both statewide and metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) levels requires that the impacts of investment decisions on land used patterns be considered.

SPCE Wednesday, 07 November 2018 Consideration of Land Use impact From a transportation management perspective the effectiveness of capacity improvement, travel demand management initiatives, the use of alternative modes and mobility enhancing investment strategies depend, in part, on land use development patterns. Thus, there is a need to provide land use impact information and analysis tools to enable transportation decision makers to fully consider land used impacts in their plans and programs. Some of basic types of analytical procedures or tools currently available and in use are :-

tools to study land use impact
SPCE Wednesday, 07 November 2018 tools to study land use impact Use of comprehensive plans and other land use regulations. It is important to understand the land used regulations as applicable, political factors, and economic status of the region. Qualitative methods that tap expert knowledge. MPOs and DOTs use variety of qualitative methods to understand the complexity of urban development. Panels of experts, interviews, surveys and case studies are qualitative techniques that rely on the knowledge and skill of one or more experts to determine where growth is likely to occur. However, qualitative methods are not substitutes for data collection.

SPCE Wednesday, 07 November 2018 tools to study land use impact Allocation rules for assigning population and jobs to zones. Allocation rules use simple trends extrapolations (i.e. fast growing areas will continue to grow rapidly or simple measures of accessibility and other attractiveness factors to allocate expected growth to different zones). Decision rules. Many land use forecasting or impact assessments requires some simple decision rules that quantify certain relationships between transportation and land use. These rules are based on empirical evidence from the region or from other locations with similar projects.

SPCE Wednesday, 07 November 2018 tools to study land use impact Statistical methods. Multiple linear regression and discrete choice models are two statistical methods for evaluating the relative roles of multiple factors in shaping land use patterns. Because they consider the effects of multiple variables, they can represent more of the complexity of urban systems than simple allocation or decision rules provided the appropriate variables are included in the analysis. Geographic information system. GIS system ( Geo Mapping) has become increasingly popular to analyze, manage and map geographic relationships. It has become simpler as many computer based systems have been developed. The land area is plotted on Auto CAD or with more precise coordinate data and mapped with linking GPS.

SPCE Wednesday, 07 November 2018 tools to study land use impact Regional economic models. Regional economic models are useful for estimating regional population and employment growth that are needed as an input to other forecasting processes. Numbers of models are commercially available and others have been developed for particular regions by MPOs, DOTs and other state agencies.

Land Use Impacts On Transportation
Land Use Factors Transport Impacts Planning Objectives Regional accessibility Density Land use mix Centeredness Road and path connectivity Roadway design Active transport (walking and cycling conditions) Public transit service quality Parking supply and management Site design Mobility management Integrated smart growth program Vehicle ownership Vehicle trips and travel (mileage) Walking Cycling Public transit travel Ridesharing Telecommuting Shorter trips Congestion reduction Road and parking cost savings Consumer savings and affordability Improved mobility for non-drivers Traffic safety Energy conservation Pollution emission reduction Improved public fitness and health Habitat protection Improved community livability

SPCE Wednesday, 07 November 2018 MIXED LAND USE

Railways - Land Use efficient and cost benefit mode
SPCE Wednesday, 07 November 2018 Railways - Land Use efficient and cost benefit mode Railways are the efficient transport mode—transporting people and goods over a fixed route using one prime mover and multiple carriages and freight wagons. Rail transport is generally green mode of transport. Railway is more fuel efficient than road transport to the extent of average 63 percent. Next to water transport, rail transport is the most energy efficient mode. Railways use a unique technology that has very low friction — based on steel wheels and steel rails.

SPCE Wednesday, 07 November 2018 Railways - Land Use efficient and cost benefit mode Railways generally have much smaller land requirement for right-of-way than highway transport. Although railway lines generally require lower gradients and more gentle curves than road transport, which increases rail alignment length in mountainous terrain, railways usually have a much smaller land use foot print than road transport and often require substantially less investment per kilometer than road transport with equivalent capacity. Rail right-of-way is also environment friendly in other ways — it is porous and railway lines have much smaller impact on water drainage and nearby waterways than road transport.

SPCE Wednesday, 07 November 2018 Railways - Land Use efficient and cost benefit mode Inefficiently managed railways, and railways with light usage may not be so environmentally (or economically) efficient. Railways with very light axle-loads can be less energy efficient than road transport for freight because rail freight wagons typically weight much more than highway vehicles. High-speed trains with low load factors can be less efficient than even automobiles or airplanes. Environmental and efficiency benefits depend upon an efficiently designed and managed railway system. Containerization has made railways even more relatively cost efficient mode.

SPCE Wednesday, 07 November 2018 Railways - Land Use efficient and cost benefit mode Beyond energy efficiency, transport by rail can also achieve significant economies of scale that a single train can move many tons of freight or passengers at once; making it operationally highly efficient when there is enough volume of traffic available to use the capacity. Railways are ideal to transport high volumes of bulk commodities or passengers. Rail transport costs for bulk materials are generally quite low and speedy.

SPCE Wednesday, 07 November 2018 Railways - Land Use efficient and cost benefit mode Price variations arise from government policy choices, management effectiveness, design characteristics, and differences in volume, cost structures, competitive environments, commodity mixes, geography, haul lengths, among many other factors. Railways are much economical to build. Costliest component of construction of any mode of transport is land on which it operates. In case of railways, the required way leave is very limited and can pass through areas where land is relatively less costly.

Road vs rail intermodal prices
SPCE Wednesday, 07 November 2018 Road vs rail intermodal prices

Distance, Modal Choice and Transport Costs
Road C3 Transport costs per unit Rail Maritime D1 D2 Distance

SPCE Wednesday, 07 November 2018 Thanks

Land use efficiency in integrated transport planning

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Land use efficiency in integrated transport planning"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

Land use efficiency in integrated transport planning

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Land use efficiency in integrated transport planning"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback