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Bullying and Hazing in the Adolescent Athlete February 16, 2018
Southeast American College of Sports Medicine 46th Annual SEACSM Clinical Track Program Bullying and Hazing in the Adolescent Athlete February 16, 2018 Alex B. Diamond, D.O., M.P.H. Assistant Professor of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Director, Program for Injury Prevention in Youth Sports (PIPYS) Vanderbilt University Medical Center Team Physician Vanderbilt University Nashville Sounds & Nashville Predators 15 minutes
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Disclosure Neither I, Alex Diamond, nor any family member(s), have any relevant financial relationships to be discussed, directly or indirectly, referred to or illustrated with or without recognition within the presentation. 0:30 + 0:10
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Practice and Research Gaps
The actions and behaviors that actually constitute hazing are poorly understood. Data examining the epidemiology and consequences of hazing in sports is limited. Comprehensive and well-implemented plans that properly address the prevention of hazing as well as the subsequent physical and psychological concerns of student-athletes are presently lacking. When we begin to identify the practice and research gaps that exist we see both basic & more complex concerns that need to be addressed. For example, it is still poorly understood what actions & behaviors actually constitute hazing. The data we have re: epidemiology and consequences of hazing is very limited. And finally plans that get into the prevention of hazing and the subsequent physical and psychological issues of the student-athletes are lacking and in their infancy.
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When I say the word hazing, what do you envision
When I say the word hazing, what do you envision. What images or stories come to mind. There is probably a wide range of thoughts going on in the room right now. Do you think this is a true issue or just part of our new generations & culture “being soft.” is this just fun & games or is this violent crime. What I will tell you is that this is not a grey issue. This is totally a black and white issue. this is real and life-changing and wrong and effects all of us regardless of gender, race or background.
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Terminology: Bullying vs Hazing
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014. Terminology: Bullying vs Hazing Forms of interpersonal violence where power-differential exists Immediate and long-term consequences Bullying Any unwanted aggressive behavior by another Repeated multiple times or is highly likely to be repeated Inflicts physical, psychological, social or educational harm or distress Hazing Any humiliating or dangerous activity expected of a student who belongs to a group Regardless of his or her willingness to participate Not repetitive The terms bullying and hazing get thrown around a lot together but what are they exactly. They both… But where they differ is...that bullying is any unwanted aggresive behavior with the purpose of inflicting some type of harm and to keep another out of the group. Whereas hazing is any humiliating or dangerous activity expected of a student who actually belongs to the group regardless of their willingness to participate. It is not repetitive while bullying typically is.
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Mental Health Basis & Key Concepts
Fields S. Trauma Violence Abuse, 2007. Waldron JJ. Quest, 2005. Raalte JLV. Jrnl Sport Behavior, 2007. Mental Health Basis & Key Concepts Evolutionary theory / “Team Building” “Generates group cohesion; allows for selection of committed group members” Unity important part of being on team; hazing in sports rooted in this notion “Deviant over-conformity” / Cycle Perpetuated Why haze / be hazed? Perpetrator: Power, dominance, reduction of future exploitation Victim: Acceptance, group membership identification & benefits, protection from non-group members Attempt to demonstrate self-worth, dedication and willingness to make sacrifices for the team What are the psychosocial underpinnings that has allowed hazing to occur? Why haze or be hazed. There are motivations for both the perp and the victim.
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Cognitive Dissonance Effort involved in group initiation justified by reward of belonging to that group Potential for significant harm often underestimated Assumed that participation is consensual Lack of perception of its occurrence National study of collegiate hazing (Allan EJ, 2009) More students perceived positive benefits of hazing experience (opposed to negative) 31% greater identification with group 22% sense of accomplishment 18% felt stronger There is also the theory and power of cognitive dissonance and that basically means that the… Lack of perception that hazing is actually occuring or that the ones doing the hazing have my best interest at heart
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Psychological Sequelae
Depression Anxiety Eating disorders Suicidal thoughts/behaviors Loss of confidence & self-esteem Aggression towards self &/or others Interpersonal conflicts (trust issues) Changes in weight, energy, sleep, concentration Substance use Sexual difficulties Emotional instability Delinquency/criminality Make no mistake, hazing is Maltreatment and in some cases an Act of violence and it has consequences.
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General Population: Hazing
Allan EJ. StopHazing.Org, 2008. Neal TL, Diamond AB, et al. J Athl Train, 2015. Hoover N. Alfred Univ Pub., 2000. General Population: Hazing Many who experience hazing may not recognize it as such 47% HS students acknowledged occurrence Only 8% labeled behavior as hazing Highest subsets… sports (47%), ROTC (46%), band (34%) 43% subjected to humiliating activites; 30% made to perform potentially illegal acts 71% with negative consequences Likelihood of being hazed affected by both... their own attitudes about hazing experiences and attitudes of important adults in their lives When we look at hazing in the general population we see that … Many believe that coaches and advisors are aware of hazing activities
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Hazing in Sports: College
Hoover NC. Alfred Univ Pub, 1999. Fields SK. BJSM, 2010. Allan EJ. StopHazing.Org, 2008. Hazing in Sports: College Remarkably common 80% described behavior during team initiation Only 12% actually reported Poor understanding 60-95% would not report 42% also during HS 20% subjected to illegal activity; 50% alcohol-related; 2/3rd personal humiliation 30 deaths ( ) We find hazing in collegiate sports remarkably common. 80% described behaviors consistent with hazing occuring during team initiations but only 12% reported it. Of the types of activities they were subjected to, 20% were illegal,50% involved alcohol and 2/3rd revolved around personal humilation.
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Hazing in Sports: Youth
Fields SK. BJSM, 2010 Gershel JC. J Adolesc Health, 2003. Hazing in Sports: Youth Incidence Middle School = 5% % High School = 17.4% - 48% 3% felt it was dangerous 22% of activities described had potential for serious physical harm 86% felt worth it to be part of team (MS & HS) On the youth sports level, the incidence increased with age…
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Hazing in Sports No sport spared
Waldron J. Res Q Exerc Sport, 2009. Gershel JC. J Adloesc Health, 2003. Hazing in Sports No sport spared Unclear why certain personal demographics, sports or levels of participation lead to more or less hazing-related activities Greatest reporting rates seen… in higher levels of competition, team sports and contact sports in more individualistic, non-contact sports such as gymnastics and cheerleading (6th graders) Boys = Girls Boys subjected to more physical forms On a general level …
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Types of Hazing Practices
Waldron J. Res Q Exerc Sport, 2009. Types of Hazing Practices Categories Physical Psychological Alcohol related Can vary as to how expressed There are 3 major categories of hazing but it can vary as to how that’s actually expressed
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Subsets of Hazing And that expression is through Subsets of hazing whether that be subtle, violent or harrassment forms. Copyright © BMJ Publishing Group Ltd & British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine. All rights reserved. Diamond AB et al. Br J Sports Med 2016;50: Allan EJ. StopHazing.Org 2004.
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Hazing Examples Physical Alcohol related Psychological
Beatings/paddling Branding Burning Tattooing Calisthenics Head shaving Kidnapping Abandonment Sexual assaults Alcohol related Forced binge drinking Psychological Forced to perform embarrassing acts Wear embarrassing clothes or makeup Being screamed at Name-calling Depriving sleep or food Acting as a slave Being tied or taped up and/or confined
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Hazing Consequences Cancellation of team season
Suspension of student-athletes Arrest of student-athletes Loss of team cohesiveness Serious injury (physical, psychological) or death As we’ve alluded to before, there are serious consequences of hazing both to the individual and the team. We have seen…
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Does Hazing Build Teams
Van Raalte JL. J Sport Behav, 2007. Does Hazing Build Teams As hazing increased… the less attracted athlete became to team the less team bonding and closeness athlete felt However… Higher level of team social cohesiveness if athlete participated in appropriate team building activities Therefore… Dangerous consequences of hazing provide no added benefit to concept of team unity and likely have opposite of intended effect
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Hazing vs Team Building
Copyright © BMJ Publishing Group Ltd & British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine. All rights reserved. Hazing vs Team Building Hazing Team Building Humiliates and degrades Promotes respect and dignity Tears down individuals Supports and empowers Creates division Creates real teamwork Lifelong nightmares Lifelong memories Shame and secrecy Pride and integrity Is a power trip Is a shared positive experience This table shows the differences in what hazing and proper team building activities provide. Reprinted with permission from Wilfert. Copyright 2007 by the National Collegiate Athletic Association. Diamond AB et al. Br J Sports Med 2016;50:
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Awareness & Prevention
Global investment & comprehensive approach Athletes, coaches, administrators, healthcare providers Change of culture Increased education Incorporation of programs with validated measures Passage of legislation 43 states with an anti-hazing statute Establishment of clearly defined policies and penalties Zero tolerance Early involvement from mental health So how do we make a difference. It can’t just be involvement, there needs to be an investment and it needs to be comprehensive. Coaches, admin, healthcare and student athletes and quite frankly, the student-athltes must take ownership of process
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Key Roles in Hazing Awareness and Prevention
Diamond AB et al. Br J Sports Med 2016;50: Administrators Coaches Student athletes Team captains Dispel myths/set the record straight Create environment of total respect and dignity for all Understand what constitutes hazing Encourage others to speak up without fear of retribution Ensure comprehensive approach Address topic/consequences early and consistently Insist on open communication among teammates and coaches Understand potential level of accountability Provide appropriate resources/support Involve your team in process; be supportive Plan alternate activities that enhance bonding Ensure new members feel supported Establish protocols and procedures for the process (reporting, investigating, adjudicating) Help develop positive traditions that are significant and meaningful Understand team acceptance and success should be based on strong work ethic, positive attitude, positive relationships Enforce clearly defined sanctions Discuss expectations re: character, values on/off field Discuss among your team how to report potential incidents Create conduct guidelines along with coaches Take it seriously Make caring about each other a high priority Accept role as leader; Set proper tone with your actions and words Avoid creating division between veterans and new players Seek advice from trusted adults/leaders I’m not going to go through this table but I wanted you to have it. The point is that we all have key and specific roles to play and it should be clearly defined when developing a policy for your school or institution. Adapted with permission from Wilfert. Copyright 2007 by the National Collegiate Athletic Association.
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Additional Action Items
Wilfert M. NCAA, 2007. Wilfert M. NCAA, 2014. Additional Action Items Never use terms such as “pranks” or “stunts” that soften true nature of conduct Allowing “a little hazing” leads to tolerance for “big hazing” Avoid mixed messages Media/Professional teams Eliminate situations that involve secrecy, alcohol & power imbalance Create support networks/open communication Men most likely turn to teammates (27%) Women most likely turn to parents (29%) I can only imagine the look on my face when I saw Rookie singing or head shaving celebrated at end of sportscenter or in social media leads to loss of credibility of investigative shows on same channel when catastrophic event occurs
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Take Home Points Hazing victims can be willing participants; different than bullying Approx. 3/4th of those hazed experience some degree of negative consequences Interpersonal, physical, psychological Hazing remains largely underreported & result of poor culture/understanding Zero tolerance policy should exist along w/ comprehensive prevention plan Replace w/ positive team building activities You can’t just take things away from people or just say no and leave them without options. We need to provide better options and that is using positive team building activities.
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Key References Diamond AB, Callahan ST, Chain KF, Solomon GS. Qualitative review of hazing in collegiate and school sports: consequences from a lack of culture, knowledge and responsiveness. Br J Sports Med. 2016; 50(3): Neal TL, Diamond AB, Goldman S, et al. Interassociation recommendations for developing a plan to recognize and refer student-athletes with psychological concerns at the secondary school level: a consensus statement. J Athl Train 2015; 50: Wilfert M, NCAA Education Services. Building new traditions: hazing prevention in college athletics. Indianapolis, IN: The National Collegiate Athletic Association, 2007. Hoover NC. National survey: initiation rites and athletics for NCAA sports teams. Alfred University
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Thank You Twitter: @DrDiamondSports
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