1. Topic 2 – The Egyptians Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to…
Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D
Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B
Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

2. The Egyptians Who were they?
The Ancient Egyptians were a civilisation based on the banks of the River Nile in Egypt. They existed from c.3000 BC. They could not live away from the Nile, as the rest of Egypt was desert. The water that flooded from the river had created perfect farming conditions. They were a very able civilisation who let women work in some roles, including medicine.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to…
Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D
Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B
Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

3. The Egyptians Who were they?
They were also able to write and, unlike the prehistoric people, collected findings together so that they were able to test a theory and note whether it had been a medical success, recording it for others to observe and work on. This changed the way medicine and surgery worked.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to…
Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D
Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B
Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

4. Summary The Egyptians - Disease and Infection
Religion—doctors = priests, prayed to gods/ goddesses and large temples
Writing developed—detailed symptoms recorded
Blocked Channel Theory
Herbal remedies
Bathing in blessed water, charms, mice body parts
Emphasis on self
Factors
Religion
Government/ money
Technology
Luck
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to…
Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D
Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B
Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

5. The Egyptians Disease and Infection
The Ancient Egyptian period witnessed enormous changes in the history of medicine. The period in question: 3500BC—500BC. Egyptian life depended on the River Nile. It provided water for irrigation, allowing agriculture . It flooded yearly, keeping soil fertile. This meant that spare food and a disposable income, allowing people the time to study and the ability to afford doctors. The quick transport route improved trade and communication, improving the spread of ideas. This allowed many herbs and spices used in medicine to travel from the Middle East.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to…
Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D
Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B
Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

6. The Egyptians Disease and Infection
Perhaps the most important change was the development of hieroglyphics on papyrus. This allowed ideas to spread, change and develop, as well as allowing others to learn from past experience. For the first time there were officially recognised and trained doctors. They recorded their findings in detail, on the new papyrus, and wrote large volumes containing spells and potions. They were forced to follow strict rules and procedures. The government, headed by the Pharaoh, played a key role in the creation of doctors for they provided the majority of the funding. However they were also trained priests.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to…
Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D
Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B
Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

7. The Egyptians Disease and Infection
Religion played a major role in Egyptian medicine - maybe even the most important as there was still no great knowledge of the cause of disease. Great temples were built to a multitude of different Gods and Goddesses, each responsible for a different body part or treatment. For example, Thoth was the god who allowed doctors to cure patients, whilst Imhotep was the god of healing (he was doctor who was then immortalised into a god) and Sekhmet who was the god of war, but who could also send and cure epidemic diseases. On the same supernatural theme, Egyptians would have worn charms; bathed in blessed water (water by a priest); and even sacred animal fats (from mice) which they felt have healing powers.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to…
Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D
Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B
Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

8. The Egyptians Disease and Infection
The people had placed upon them an emphasis of keeping oneself clean and the importance of a healthy diet. Because of the religion in society, they washed and changed clothes regularly. Much medication was, again, based on simple herbal remedies (and simple drugs) applied by family members. However, toilets and mosquito nets had also been developed by this time, which helped prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to…
Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D
Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B
Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

9. The Egyptians Disease and Infection
Additionally, there was the introduction of the first natural theory in medicine aptly named blocked channels. This idea probably stemmed from the irrigation channels running from the River Nile to their crops. It said that blood, air and water flowed through channels in the body, which when blocked by rotting food would cause diarrhoea and vomiting. Using laxatives, being purged, vomiting or being bled were the possible prescribed cures for a blocked channel.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to…
Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D
Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B
Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

10. The Egyptians Disease and Infection
The success rate of surgeries may have been increased by the use of willow after surgery. Willow contains a natural antiseptic that prevents infections and increased the chance of survival. This is another example of the Ancient Egyptians’ use of empirical medicine, as they must have tested the willow and found that it worked, probably unclear on how or why.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to…
Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D
Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B
Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

11. Summary The Egyptians - Surgery and Anatomy
Honey—healing powers
New sharper tools
Writing
Mummification—had names for organs
Embalmers not doctors
Factors
Technology
Luck
Religion
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to…
Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D
Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B
Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

12. The Egyptians Surgery and Anatomy
Neither surgery nor knowledge of the anatomy improved drastically during the Ancient Egyptian period. Although there were some minor improvements. Metal working was now much stronger (now copper, bronze and iron tools used), this mean sharper and stronger tools and more precise surgery.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to…
Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D
Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B
Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

13. The Egyptians Surgery and Anatomy
Some more advance operations were carried out, this included removing surface tumours. It is likely that they understood honey had some healing powers; but they didn’t know why ( we know not it’s a natural antiseptic). Wounds were also bandaged and kept clean, which was certainly something to do with their strong religious beliefs. After surgery, willow was put onto wounds, it acted as an antiseptic because it contained salicylic acid.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to…
Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D
Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B
Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

14. The Egyptians Surgery and Anatomy
More improvements were to be found in knowledge of anatomy. The ability to write on papyrus allowed students to learn about different parts of the body from their seniors. The mummification process, too, would have helped. Embalming dead bodies in order to preserve them involved cutting out the organs that would rot inside the body, and provided Egyptians with knowledge of their location.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to…
Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D
Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B
Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

15. The Egyptians Surgery and Anatomy
The Ancient Egyptians had names for the heart, liver and lungs and also thought the soul resided in the heart—which was connected to the rest of the body by channels. They still did not know the function of each organ.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to…
Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D
Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B
Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

16. The Egyptians Surgery and Anatomy
However, embalmers were not doctors and so may not have passed that much information on and the organs removed from mummification were preserve, not dissected. On that same note, human dissections were also banned because they believed the body would be needed for the afterlife.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to…
Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D
Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B
Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

17. Summary The Egyptians - Public Health
No knowledge required
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to…
Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D
Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B
Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

18. Examination Practice
Part A’s They are worth 5 marks. You should spend 5 minutes on this question. You should identify 5 key points/ideas.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to…
Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D
Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B
Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

19. Briefly describe the main features of Egyptian medicine.
simple surgery such as cutting out swellings,
kept clean - for religious reasons, believed that gods caused disease, prayed to gods for cures, wore amulets,
had doctors - examined patients, made diagnoses, used drugs, did not dissect but learned from mummifying,
knowledge of anatomy - veins, arteries, muscles, main bone structure;
knowledge of physiology - breathing, nervous system, role of the heart and pulse.
Learned about the body from their irrigation systems.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to…
Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D
Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B
Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

20. Briefly describe how the Egyptians tried to stay healthy.
charms,
purging,
keep eating and drinking utensils clean,
washed a lot,
shaved their bodies
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to…
Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D
Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B
Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

21. Briefly describe the part played by religion in Ancient Egyptian medicine.
gods like Horus and Bes caused disease or gave protection
doctors were often priests
they called for help from the gods through spells
they turned to gods for internal injuries or diseases where the cause was not obvious
they embalmed bodies for religious reasons which led them to learn about the structure of the body
they washed and kept clean for religious reasons.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to…
Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D
Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B
Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

22. Briefly describe what progress the Egyptians made in medicine.
writing treatments on papyri,
use of examination/ diagnosis/ prognosis/ treatment,
knowledge of structure of the body,
some knowledge of physiology of the body,
had specialist doctors,
simple surgery,
kept clean by washing a lot.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to…
Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D
Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B
Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

23. Examination Practice
Part B’s They are worth 7 marks. You should spend 10 minutes on this question. You should identify 3 reasons why. Each reason should start a paragraph. There should be another 2-3 sentences explaining the reasons. Remember to include a WOW fact!
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to…
Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D
Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B
Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

24. Explain why the Ancient Egyptians were able to make progress in medicine.
The River Nile
Irrigation
hieroglyphics and papyri
religious beliefs and practices e.g. embalming
trade with other countries
Every year the river flooded
plenty of water for the crops
did not have any problem growing enough food
so could have people concentrating on other things like medicine.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to…
Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D
Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B
Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

25. Explain why the Ancient Egyptians were able to make progress in medicine.
Hieroglyphics and papyri
allowed ideas to spread, change and develop,
allowed others to learn from past experience. first time people were trained doctors.
They recorded their findings in detail
Contained spells and potions
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to…
Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D
Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B
Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

26. Explain how factors outside medicine helped the Egyptians make progress in medicine.
trading links
a united and peaceful country allowing medicine to be studied,
skilled craftsmen
irrigation channels
embalming,
use of papyrus and a new form of writing.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to…
Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D
Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B
Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

27. Explain how factors outside medicine helped the Egyptians make progress in medicine.
Farming was very important in Egypt.
To make sure the fields had water
farmers built irrigation channels to the fields.
Idea that the body might work in the same way.
The channels in the body might be taking life to the rest of the body through the blood.
If these channels got blocked a person would be ill just like if the irrigation channels got blocked the crops in the fields would die.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to…
Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D
Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B
Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*