1. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a gram positive, catalase negative coccus bacterium with at least 90 different strains. 3.

2. Infection can spread to lungs, blood, and cross the
blood-brain barrier.
Nasopharynx:
Conjunctivitis, otitis media, sinusitis, acute chronic bronchitis, pneumonia
Vascular Invasion/hematogenous spread:
Meningitis, bacteremia, bone/joint infections, endocarditis, peritonitis
1.,2.,4., 5.

3. The primary site of colonization is the
nasopharynx where the bacteria is spread
through aerosol droplets.
4., 13.

4. Symptoms Fever Cough Shortness of breath Chest pain Stiff neck
Confusion
Disorientation
Sensitivity to light
Joint pain
Chills
Ear pain
Sleeplessness
Irritability
*Severe cases:
Hearing loss
Brain damage
Death
17.

5. Diagnostic tests include tests on cultured
specimens and lab tests that support
the diagnosis.
10.

6. Pneumococcal polysaccharide or conjugate
vaccines are widely used depending on
age group.
7., 8.

7. 12.

8. Homologous Recombination
15., 16.

9. Multidrug resistance has become more
common leading to varied treatment
and new vaccines.
9., 14.

10. Works Cited
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March 2016.
2. “Causes of Bacterial Pneumonia.” ePainAssist Web. 28 March 2016.
3. Test, Samuel T. “Complement and Immunity to Pneumococcal Vaccines.” CHORI
Web. 28 March 2016.
4. “Pneumococcal Disease (Streptococcus pneumoniae). Travelers’ Health. CDC. 5 August
2014. Web. 28 March 2016.
5. Prado, Claudia Antonieta Nieves. “Pneumococcal Infections.” Medscape. 22 January 2016.
6. Prado, Claudia Antonieta Nieves. “Pneumococcal Infections Medication.” Medscape. 22
January Web. 28 March 2016.
7. Cox, Chad M. and Ruth Link-Gelles. “Chapter 11: Pneumococcal.” Manual for the
Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Disease. 1 April Web. 28 March 2016.
8. “Pneumococcal Disease Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases.”
The Pink Book: Course Textbook 13 (2015). CDC. Web. 29 March 2016.
9. Jedrzejas, Mark J. “Pneumococcal Virulence Factors: Structure and Function.” Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 65.2 (2001): American Society for Microbiology. Web. 29 March 2016.
10. “Streptococcus pneumoniae.” Microbiologyinpictures.com Web. 29 March
2016.
11. “Vaccine Adjuvants.” Vaccine Safety. CDC. 28 August Web. 4 April 2016.
12. Kamala, Tirumalai. “What is the mechanism of action of Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine?”
Quora. 4 December Web. 4 April 2016.
13. Shak, Joshua R. et al. “Influence of bacterial interactions on pneumococcal colonization of
the nasopharynx.” Trends in Microbiology 21.3 (2013): CelPress Webinars.
Web. 5 April 2016.
14. Jones, Ronald N. et al. “Evolving trends in Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance:
implications for therapy of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia.” International
Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 36.3 (2010): ScienceDirect. Web. 6 April
15. “Bacterial Transformation.” Boundless.com. Photo. Web. 5 April 2016
16. S., Tony. “21, 22 Genetic exchange.” University of Missouri-St. Louis. Studyblue. 8 March Web. 5 April 2016.
17. “Pneumonia.” Creationwiki. 17 November Web. 5 April 2016.