1. Modern World History 2011-2012 Androstic
The Age of Exploration
Modern World History
Androstic

2. How were Europeans limited in their knowledge of the world?
The World in 1400

3. Motivations for exploration?

4. What obstacles faced European countries seeking to trade with the Far East? How did this motivate nations to explore via the seas?
God, gold, and glory
Trade with the Far East

5. Describe the balance of trade and how this fits into the theory of mercantilism.
Mercantilism was an ideology that dominated the Age of Exploration. The theory is that a nation’s wealth is dependent on a large supply of gold and silver. To gain a supply of gold and silver, a nation must have a favorable balance of trade.

6. Describe the balance of trade and how this fits into the theory of mercantilism.
Balance of trade is the difference in value of your imports and exports. To achieve a favorable balance of trade, nations:
Granted subsidies to new industries to produce more
Improve transportation systems
Place high tariffs on foreign goods
Establish colonies: colonies = raw materials + market for your goods
Reduce costs on producing goods

7. New technologies in sailing that allowed for successful explorations of the world.
The compass was used by explorers rather than navigating by stars as in the past. The astrolabe was used to figure out time and position by measuring angles from your point to known fixed points.

8. What is an astrolabe? What does it do?
Tom Wujec Demos an Astrolabe

9. More new technologies in sailing that allowed for successful explorations of the world.
Latitude and longitudinal coordinates were used
New and improved maps were developed
Lateen sails were triangular sails that were useful for sailing with or against the wind
Multiple masts and moving the ship’s rudder to the back also helped

10. The first nation to successfully explore new ways to the Far East via water was Portugal.

11. Who explored the African and Indian coasts
Who explored the African and Indian coasts? What country did they sail for? What did they accomplish?
Exploring the Coasts of Africa and India

12. Portuguese successes in exploration and trading early in the Age of Exploration.
Portuguese explorers made their way down the West African coast.
Bartholomeu Dias sailed to the Cape of Good Hope, proving you could sail around Africa to get to Asia.
Vasco de Game sailed around Africa and across the Indian Ocean to India, returning with spices, silk, gold and silver and made a huge profit.

13. Portuguese successes in exploration and trading early in the Age of Exploration.
Portuguese explorers continued to sail to India, defeating Muslim traders who had controlled the area.
After taking control of trade in India, Portugal set up addition trading posts throughout southeast Asia.
Portugal did NOT attempt to colonize Asia, they merely set up trade networks that would allow the importation of spices and precious metals from Asia.

15. Anyone ever hear of Christopher Columbus
Anyone ever hear of Christopher Columbus? He sailed for Spain, sailing west in an attempt to travel around the globe to the Far East.
The Voyages of Columbus

16. What did the Treaty of Tordesillas do?

17. The terms of the Treaty of Tordesillas.
After Portugal’s success of exploration and trade, Spain emerged as the next dominating force in exploration.
After Columbus sailed to the “New World”, Spain and Portugal both feared conflict would arise over claimed territories.
As a result, the two nations signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, drawing a line through the Atlantic Ocean (as shown on the next slide). . .

18. All land to the east of the line of demarcation would be controlled by Portugal, and land to the west controlled by Spain.

19. The successes of the Dutch in exploring, trading, and colonizing around the world.
The Dutch first arrived in India in 1595.
They formed the East India Company to begin competing with other European nations in trade.
They also began the West India Company to compete in the Americas, and established the colony of New Netherlands.

20. The successes of the British in exploring and colonizing around the world.
landed in India (early 1600s)
established colonies in the Americas
Seized New Netherlands from (mid 1600s)
established permanent settlements providing raw materials they would otherwise have purchased from other countries

21. The successes of the French in exploring, trading and colonizing around the world.
Unable to discover a NW Passage, the French claimed lands in eastern Canada and later took control of the Louisiana Territory. The French did not colonize in the same way as the British. Instead, they sought quick profits by trading with the natives.

22. The successes of conquistadors in the Americas.
Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztec Empire in Central America.
Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incan Empire in South America.
Queen Isabella of Spain declared Natives her subjects and granted Spanish conquerors the right to use them as laborers.

25. The treatment of natives in the new world by the Spanish conquistadors.
With the Spanish came diseases that natives had never encountered and therefore had no immunity to (smallpox, influenza, measles). These diseases killed millions.
Although required to protect natives by Queen Isabella, many Spanish did not. Instead, they put natives to work on plantations and in mines.
Catholic missionaries converted and baptized Native Americans and the native culture was destroyed, replaced by European culture.

26. Mapping colonization and land holdings by the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, British and French during the Age of Exploration.

27. Comparing early use of slaves in Africa to slave usage after the discovery of the Americas.
In the 15th century, slaves were used mostly as domestic servants in Southwest Asia and in some parts of Europe.

28. Plantations are large, agricultural estates.
Comparing early use of slaves in Africa to slave usage after the discovery of the Americas.
In the 1490s, the discovery of the Americas prompted an increase in the demand for slaves. With the introduction of sugarcane plantations, the need for laborers increased dramatically.
Plantations are large, agricultural estates.

29. The triangular trade that developed in the 16th and 17th centuries.
As a result of the growth of colonies and the slave trade, the triangular trade developed. The triangular trade was a trade pattern that connected Africa, Europe, and the Americas.

31. Causes of the increase of slaves exported to the Americas.
Why were so many slaves brought to the Americas?
The growth of plantations for sugarcane, tobacco, cotton, etc.
The decreasing population of natives that could be used as slaves
Because so many slaves died on the Middle Passage, thousands were brought to be sure some survived

32. Causes of the increase of slaves exported to the Americas.

33. The hardships of slaves aboard the Middle Passage.

34. The hardships of slaves aboard the Middle Passage.
On the Middle Passage:
Slaves were kept in the hold, chained together
Very little personal space
Lack of food, water, and sanitation
Sickness and death were common

35. The Middle Passage

38. The hardships faced by slaves in the New World.
Life did not get better when slaves survived the trip along the Middle Passage:
Slave were auctioned off to the highest bidder
Families were divided
Slaves worked long hours, with little breaks, performing hard labor in the hot temperature
Slaves were discouraged to gain any sort of education

39. The effects the slave trade had on African civilizations.
The slave trade had various effects on African culture. These included:
Depopulation of some areas of Africa
Depriving communities of strongest men and women
Increased warfare in Africa
Corruption developed in Africa, learned by the Europeans that participated in the slave trade

40. The areas of African culture that were mostly unaffected by Europeans.
Despite the changes to African culture that took place due to the slave trade, some areas of African culture remained unchanged:
Political systems – Africans continued to live mostly in small political units, leaving authority to a village leader
Religion – While Europeans brought Christianity to Africa, Islam expanded faster, and over a larger area of Africa

41. Comparing the successes of European nations in dominating the Indonesian Archipelago versus mainland Asia.
Indonesian Archipelago
Mainland States
Had strong monarchies that resisted foreign relationships
Religious differences led to removal of Europeans, or limits to their interaction
Less political unity
Goods were so valuable, Europeans were more determined to work with them
As a result, the Dutch, French, British Portuguese were able to control the Indonesian Archipelago, while they were limited to trading along the coast of mainland states such as China, Vietnam and Burma.