1. Chapter 5
Roads to Revolution,

2. Introduction 4 questions addressed in Ch. 5
How did Britain and its colonies view their joint victory over France in the Seven Years’ War?
How did colonial resistance to the Stamp Act differ from earlier opposition to British imperial measure?
In what ways did colonists’ views of parliamentary authority change after 1770?
What led most colonists in 1776 to abandon their loyalty to Britain and choose national independence?

3. Triumph and Tensions: The British Empire, 1750-1763
When King George’s War ended in 1748 Britain and France were still intent on defeating one another
A Fragile Peace,
Since neither France or Britain gained dominance in North America, the skirmishing in the Ohio Valley continued
1753=French began building a series of forts between the Ohio River and LA
Drive out colonial traders from the Valley
George Washington led an expedition to block the French and it failed.
This left the Anglo-American frontier in danger

4. The British Empire (cont.)
Albany Congress (1754)
The attempt of the 7 colonies north of VA to forge an effective defensive union with the help of the Iroquois
Proposed the Albany Plan
Called for a Grand Council representing, and funded by, all the colonial assemblies. A crown appointed officer would head the council and would coordinate military defense and Indian affairs.
Colonial legislatures refused to relinquish any of their authority over taxation
No Colonies approved it

5. The Seven Years’ War in America (1754-1760)
A.k.a. French and Indian War
After the Anglo-French clash in 1754 led by George Washington, war broke out in America
1756, full scale hostilities between Britain and France resumed throughout the globe (Seven Years’ War)
At first British colonist fared poorly
France’s Indian allies raided western settlements
French seized key forts and threatened central NY and western New England
British did very little actual fighting in North America
Offered $$$ to colonist to fight
for the British
Colonies provided 40,000 men for war. With the promise
that Parliament would bear most of cost for the war.

6. The Seven Years’ War in America (cont.)
Colonist flocked to the War and drove the French from NY and much of the western frontier
General Edward Braddock continued to meet failure and the morale was sinking.
William Pitt (chosen by Great Britain) came in and took control. “I know I can save this country and that no one else can”
Their success was aided by the decision of the Iroquois and other Ohio tribes to stop helping the French
After the fall of Quebec and Montreal, French resistance crumbled

7. The End of French North America, 1760-1763
Treaty of Paris (1763) officially ended Seven Years’ War
France ceded all of its North American territories east of the Mississippi River to Britain
And all of its territories west of the Mississippi River as well as New Orleans to Spain
Spain (an ally of France) gave up Florida in return for land west of Mississippi River.
The Colonies had a united coastline!

8. The End of French North America, 1760-1763 (cont.)

9. The End of French North America, 1760-1763 (cont.)
During the Seven Years’ War, the British expelled many French Canadians from Acadia (Nova Scotia) because the English feared the Acadians were still loyal to France
Some of the Acadians migrated to LA, where their descendants became known as Cajuns
The British triumph in the Seven Years’ War initially bond the colonists to the mother country
Soon though the sowed discord between the them

10. Anglo-American Friction
After the Seven Years’ War, GB tried to tighten control over its expanded colonial empire
Imposed new taxes on Englishmen at home and overseas to finance the administration of the colonies
This aroused opposition on both economic and constitutional grounds
George III became King in 1760
Wanted to govern more actively
His policies and frequent ministerial changes further upset British-American relations

11. Anglo-American Friction (cont.)
British supremacy in eastern North America opened the door to conflict between the mother country and the colonists
The Seven Years’ War left the British people with a huge debt and heavy taxes
The British wondered why should the colonists be repaid for their war efforts, while they were left to suffer under their financial burdens?
Isn’t it their land anyway???
The British were upset that they now had expand more $$$$ and military effort to put down Indian uprisings caused by the western surge of colonists beyond the Appalachians

12. Frontier Tensions
Victory over the French spurred new Anglo-Indian conflicts
Indians feared that the British would treat them as subjects rather than allies.
Gifts and trade dwindled after the war and British squatters were moving on to Native Land
Pontiac's War- Ottawa Tribe attacked 8 British forts.
Britain afraid of more debt distributed small pox infected blankets at a peace meeting
Proclamation of Forbidding whites to settle beyond the crest of mountains until the British King had negotiated treaties with the Indians under which they agreed to cede their lands
Angered colonists because mother country sided with enemy and slowed down expansion!!!

13. Imperial Authority, Colonial Opposition, 1763-1766
Introduction
British tried to finance its new enlarged empire through a series of revenue measures (Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Declaratory Act)
Enforce these and other measures directly rather than relying on local authorities
Colonists protested to new taxes but also to what they saw as a dangerous extension of Parliament’s power.
Growing division between British and colonial perceptions about the nature of their relationship

14. The Writs of Assistance, 1760-1761
Writs of assistance=blanket search warrants
Permitted officials to enter any ship or building to search for smuggled goods and seize them
British customs officers used the writs of assistance to crack down on smuggling (mostly of French goods)
Very effective
Colonists protested
Writs violated traditional English guarantees against unreasonable search and seizure
And that Parliament had violated their rights as Englishmen

15. The Sugar Act, 1764
Import duties on sugar and other items to raise $$$$ for the British treasury
Taxes and restrictions burdened Mass., NY, and Penn. Merchants in particularly by making it very complicated to ship colonial goods (Now had to fill out confusing documents)
Mostly affected merchants that imported or exported goods
Accused smugglers were to be tried in vice-admiralty courts (NO MORE long-standing guarantee to a fair trial!!)
No juries
Judges who had a financial stake in finding the defendants guilty

16. The Stamp Act Crisis,
1765=Stamp Act was proposed by Prime Minister George Grenville
Needed $$$because Sugar was not bringing in enough
Parliament passed it in 1765
Required colonists to purchase from government revenue agents special stamped paper
Periodicals, customs documents, licenses, diplomas, deeds, other legal forms
Violators would be tried in vice-admiralty courts
Internal tax
Affected more colonials than the Sugar Act

17. The Stamp Act Crisis, 1765-1766 (THE ARGUMENT!)
Colonists objected to Parliament’s ability to impose on them internal or external taxes designed to raise revenue because they elected no representatives to Parliament
Colonists said only their own colonial legislatures had the authority to tax them
Colonists conceded that Parliament might regulate trade within the empire, but there could be “no taxation without representation”

18. Resisting the Stamp Act, 1765-1766
Patrick Henry proposed 7 strongly worded resolutions against Parliament. Most could be seen as treasonous and legislators passed the only the mildest four
Said Parliament did not have the right to tax the colonies
1765, VA House of Burgesses passed the resolution
8 other colonial assemblies passed resolutions against Parliament
Loyal Nine- Group of artisans, shopkeepers, and businessmen in Boston formed to FIGHT THE STAMP ACT
Sons of Liberty
Similar to Loyal Nine
Rose up in other cities

19. Resisting the Stamp Act, 1765-1766 (cont.)
Loyal Nine and Sons of Liberty directed outraged mobs in attacks on the homes and property of stamp distributors
all of the distributors resigned their posts and custom officials and court officers were refusing to perform their duties.
Oct. 1765=representatives from 9 colonies held the Stamp Act Congress in New York
they reiterated the principle of no taxation without representation and no parliamentary denial of trial by jury and other English liberties
All agreed that the Parliament lacked authority to levy taxes outside of Great Britain.
American merchants boycotted all English merchants
Most influential action of colonists
Decrease in their sales led British businessmen to plead for repeal of the Stamp Act

20. The Declaratory Act, 1766 March 1766 Parliament revoked the Stamp Act
But adopted the Declaratory Act
Restating Parliament’s right to tax and legislate for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever”
The colonists rejoiced the repeal of the Stamp Act
Disbanded the Sons of Liberty
Concluded that the mother country would return to its earlier limited governance
However, Great Britain saw the Declaratory Act as a way to show the colonies there was no exemption from ANY parliamentary statute, including a tax law.

21. Ideology, Religion, and Resistance
Resistance to the Stamp Act had revealed a deep split in thinking between England and its colonists
Many thought Parliament’s actions were a conspiracy of a corrupt government to deny them their natural rights and liberties
John Locke’s ideas, 18th century English radicals, educated colonists, classical philosophers, etc.
It was their duty of the free people to resist
Protestant clergymen (except Anglicans and pacifist Quakers) preached sermons to all classes of colonists backing the views of resistance to GB
They declared that “solidarity against British tyranny and ‘corruption’ meant rejecting sin and obeying God.”

22. Resistance Resumes,
Parliaments repeal of the Stamp Act momentarily quieted colonial protests, its search for new sources of revenue soon revived them.
British leaders condemned the colonists for evading their financial responsibilities and for insubordination
Anglo-Americans became convinced that the English had a deliberate plan to undermine colonial self governance

23. Opposing the Quartering Act, 1766-1767 (cont.)
Charles Townshend, New chancellor of the Exchequer (treasurer), Looked to the colonies for much-needed revenue
Law ordered colonial legislatures to pay for certain goods needed by soldiers stationed within their borders.
Parliament was angry with New York’s refusal to comply with the Quartering Act . Created a very Anti-American feeling
Parliament was ready to crack down on colonial self-government and suspended the New York Assembly until funds were appropriated.
Demonstrated that British leaders would not hesitate to defend Parliaments authority and would interfere with American claims to self governance.

24. Crisis over the Townshend Duties, 1767-1770
Revenue Act of 1767 (Townshend duties)
Imposed taxes on glass, paint, lead, paper, and tea imported into the colonies
Townshend had intended to set aside part of the tax money to pay the salaries of royal governors

25. Crisis over the Townshend Duties, 1767-1770 (cont.)
Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania
John Dickinson
Expressed majority American view
Parliament could use duties to keep trade within the empire but not to raise revenue as the Townshend duties did
Samuel Adam’s “circular letter” made the same point
Mass. Legislature sent it to other colonial assemblies
August 1768=Boston merchants adopted a nonimportation agreement that spread to other cities
1770=Lord North (new British Prime Minister) eliminated most of the duties
Kept the tea duty
Colonial leaders called for a policy of no consumption of tea (refused to drink British tea)

26. Customs “Racketeering”, 1767-1768
Corruption of customs officials
Seized ships and cargoes for technical violations of the Navigation and Sugar Acts
Broke open sailors’ chests to search for small amounts of undeclared merchandise
Contributed to Americans’ growing alienation form the mother country
Violent attacks by seamen and others on customs inspectors happened more frequently
Liberty in Boston
**John Hancock’s ship. Hancock was Boston’s wealthiest merchant and leader of the opposition against British taxation. Hancock was fined (almost 13% higher than taxes he owned) and boat was towed. To prevent this, a crowd began to assault custom inspectors

27. “Wilkes and Liberty”,
Boycotts only reduced imports by about 40%
Hurt British merchants and artisans enough to make them to implore Parliament to rescind its taxes
Part of a larger protest by English citizens against King George III and Parliament
John Wilkes led this protest
Felt the King and Parliament was dominated by a few elite wealthy landowners and not concerned about the “common” person
Govt. arrested Wilkes
Denied Wilkes a seat in the House of Commons (he had been elected to it)
The govt.’s actions prompted dissident Englishmen and
American colonists to further question the authority of an unpresentative Parliament

28. Women and Colonial Resistance
White women’s participation in public affairs had been widening slowly and unevenly in the colonies for several decades
Daughters of Liberty play a part of defeating the Stamp Act
To protest the Revenue Act’s tax on tea, more than 300 “mistresses of families” in Boston denounced consumption of tea
Women bolstered the boycott by refusing to serve taxed tea
organized spinning bees to produce homespun apparel rather than buy British-made clothing
“a fighting army of amazons…. armed with spinning wheels.”

29. The Deepening Crisis,
The way in which British officials enforced Parliament’s trade regulations made more and more colonials broaden their cry from “no taxation without representation” to “no legislation at all without representation.”
The British responded to the violence of the Liberty incident by sending another 4,000 soldiers to Boston,
their presence was hotly resented

30. The Boston Massacre http://www.bostonmassacre.net/
British soldiers were trying to enforce the Townshend Act
March 5, 1770
Group of British soldiers at a guard post in front of the customs office fired into a disorderly crowd that was hurling dares, insults, and objects at them
5 civilians killed
6 more wounded

31. The Boston Massacre (cont.)
Mass. Gov. Thomas Hutchinson promised to try the soldiers, and the British removed their troops to a fortified island in Boston harbor.
John Adams was the lawyer for the redcoats
4 of the 6 were acquitted

33. The Committees of Correspondence, 1772-1773
1772=Lord North revived trouble when he prepared to implement Townshend’s plan to pay royal governor’s salaries out of customs revenue
Sam Adams and others responded by organizing committees of correspondence in each New England town to exchange information and coordinate activities in defense of colonial rights
Virginians also set up a committee of correspondence
Within a year every colony but Pennsylvania had such committees that linked Americans together in a communications web

34. Conflicts in the Backcountry
Clashes happened in the West between Native Americans, various groups of colonists, colonial governments, and imperial authorities
Rapid population growth because of whites moving into the Appalachian backcountry
British govt. could not enforce the Proclamation of 1763
Colonial speculators took any land they could
Settlers, traders, hunters all trespassed on Indian land
British forts were not strong to enforce laws and treaties

35. Conflicts in the Backcountry (cont.)
Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768)
Granted land on the Ohio River to PA and VA
The land was claimed by the Shawnees, Delawares, and Cherokees
Increased tensions in Ohio Valley
KY was established as a colony
1774=colonist killed 13 Natives (Mingos and Shawnees)
Indians (under Logan--leader of Mingos) retaliated and killed 13 Virginians
Lord Dunmore’s War (1774)
Virginians vs. Logan at Point Pleasant, VA
VA gained uncontested rights to the lands south of the Ohio in exchange for its claims on the northern side

36. Conflicts in the Backcountry (cont.)
Conflicts also occurred between the colonists
Mass vs. NY
NH vs. NY
CT settlers vs. PA
Conflicts between backcountry settlers and their colonial governments
Tensions generated by an increasing land-hungry white population and its willingness to resort to violence against Native Americans, other colonists, and British officials

37. The Tea Act, 1773
Colonists consumed more than 1 million pounds of tea a year
Purchased only 1/4 of it from the British East India Company
Colonists smuggled the rest in
Tea Act eliminated all remaining import duties on tea entering England and thus lowered the selling price to consumers
East India Company was allowed to sell its tea directly to consumers rather than through wholesalers

38. The Tea Act, 1773 (cont.)
Reduced cost of tea well below the price of all smuggled competition
Tea Act alarmed many Americans
They saw it as a menace to liberty and virtue
As well as to colonial representative government
British govt. would make more $$$ which would be used to pay royal governors
Committees of correspondence decided to resist the importation of tea (without violence or destroying property)

39. The Tea Act, 1773 (cont.)
Tactics to prevent East India Company cargoes from being landed
Pressuring the company’s agents to refuse acceptance
By intercepting the ships at sea and ordering them home
Worked in Philadelphia but not Boston

40. The Tea Act, 1773 (cont.) Dec. 16, 1773 Boston Tea Party 50 young men
Assaulted no one and damaged nothing besides the tea
45 tons of tea overboard

41. Toward Independence, 1774-1776 British govt. was upset with colonists
Wanted to stop all colonial insubordination
Colonial leaders responded with equal determination to defend self-govt. and liberty
British Empire and its American colonies were on a collusion course

42. Liberty for African-Americans
Many slaves wanted and hoped to gain their freedom from the British
James Somerset
Mass. slave who accompanied his master to England
Ran away in England
Recaptured
Sent off to Jamaica
Sued for his freedom
King’s Court ruled that Parliament never explicitly established slavery in England, a master could not send a slave outside the country against his will
Throughout the colonies slaves petitioned for their freedom
Many slaves thought war between the Empire and the colonies would bring them their freedom

43. Liberty for African-Americans (cont.)
Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation
Lord Dunmore=gov. of VA
Promised freedom to any able-bodied male slave who enlisted in the cause of restoring royal authority
Appealed to slaves longing for freedom “Liberty to Slaves”
About 1,000 men signed up

44. The “Intolerable Acts”
4 “Coercive Acts” and the Quebec Act
1st Coercive Act- Boston Port Bill
April 1, 1774
Navy was to close the Boston harbor by June 1 if the tea destroyed in the Tea Party wasn’t repaid
2nd Coercive Act- Massachusetts Government Act
Revoked Massachusetts charter
Restructured the govt. to make it less
democratic. Too much freedom led to REBELLION!

45. The “Intolerable Acts” (cont.)
3rd Coercive Act- Administration of Justice Act
Permitted any person charged with murder while enforcing royal authority in Mass. to be tried in England (favoritism or biased jury)
4th Coercive Act- New Quartering Act
Allowed the governor to requisition empty private buildings for housing troops
Quebec Act
Roman Catholicism as Quebec’s official religion
Gave Quebec’s governors sweeping powers but established no legislature
Did not use juries for property disputes
Expanded Quebec’s territory south to the Ohio River and west to the Mississippi River

46. The “Intolerable Acts” (cont.)
Anglo-Americans believed Britain was plotting to abolish traditional English liberties throughout North America
British meant to punish Massachusetts (Boston) with the “Intolerable Acts”; but pushed most colonies to the brink of rebellion THIS WILL NOT BE TOLERATED
Of the 27 reasons justifying the break from Great Britain in the Declaration of Independence, 6 dealt with the Intolerable Acts

47. Making it simple

48. The First Continental Congress

49. The First Continental Congress
To resist the Intolerable Acts, all the colonies besides Georgia sent representatives to a continental congress in Philadelphia
Sept. 5, 1774 to October 26, 1774
Approved the Suffolk Resolves
Advised colonials to begin arming themselves against attacks by royal troops
Created the Continental Association
Enforce a total cutoff of trade with England and the British West Indies
Sent a Declaration of Rights to George III
Begged him to dismiss the ministers responsible for the Coercive Acts
STILL DIDN’T WANT TO BREAK FROM MOTHER COUNTRY

50. From Resistance to Rebellion
Committees of the Continental Association coerced wavering colonists into cooperating with the trade ban.
Loyalists (aka Tories) were intimidated
Volunteer militias (aka minutemen) drilled and prepared for war
Extralegal congresses met and tried to supplant the existing colonial assemblies headed by royal governors

51. From Resistance to Rebellion (cont.)
April 19, 1775
General Gage (Great Britain) dispatched 700 soldiers to Lexington and Concord
Objectives were to seize the minutemen’s weapon stockpiles and arrest key patriotic leaders
William Dawes and Paul Revere challenged the redcoats arriving from Boston
1st fighting of the Revolution broke out

52. From Resistance to Rebellion (cont.)
As news of the battles at Lexington and Concord spread, 20,000 New Englanders rushed to besiege Boston and oust the English
Redcoats=273 casualties
Colonists=92 casualties
The British defeated the colonials and Breed’s and Bunker Hills but suffered heavy casualties in doing so
June 17, 1775
1,154 for redcoats vs. 311 colonists

53. From Resistance to Rebellion (cont.)
Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775
Majority of delegates still hoped for reconciliation with England. Sent a “loyal message” to King George
Olive Branch Petition
Pleading for a cease-fire at Boston
Repeal of the Coercive Acts
Negotiations to establish guarantees of
American rights

54. From Resistance to Rebellion (cont.)
The British ignored the plea
Dec. 1775, declared the colonists in rebellion
Second Continental Congress established an American continental army and appointed George Washington to command it
Not yet ready to declare independence

55. Common Sense
Loyalty to the king and hopes that he would restrain irritated ministers and members of Parliament lingered on through the summer and fall of 1775
Thomas Paine
Jan. 1776
Paine argued that monarchy was a corrupt, repressive institution
And that Americans should shun and instead should take the opportunity to create a new kind of nation based on republican liberty

56. Declaring Independence
June 7, 1776 Richard Henry Lee (VA delegate) proposed that Congress declare independence
Members of Congress appointed a committee
Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Ben Franklin
Draft a statement to justify the colonies’ separation form England
Declaration of Independence
Influenced by Enlightenment
Natural rights philosophy
Equality of all men
Universal rights to Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness

57. Declaring Independence (cont.)
July 2, 1776
Congress formally adopted Lee’s independence resolution
Created the United States of America
July 3
Reviewed and revised Jefferson’s Declaration
July 4
Approved and signed the Declaration

58. Declaring Independence (cont.)
The equal rights for all championed by the Declaration of Independence did not exist in America in 1776
the document’s ideals inspired the revolutionary generation and many who followed to bring the realities of American life closer to the Declaration’s bold proclamation

59. To sum it all up! 

60. Conclusion
Triumphant over France in the 7 Years’ War, GB in 1763 was the world’s leading power
GB attempts to centralize power and tax her colonies aroused American resistance
Between 1763 and 1776, the colonists strove to reestablish the colonial relationship as it had existed earlier when British supervision was minimal and colonial assemblies controlled taxes and internal legislation

61. Conclusion (cont.)
Colonists peacefully protested the Stamp Act, the Townshend duties, and the Tea Act
Different classes acted out of different motives:
Elites resented erosion of their autonomy
Merchants and middle-class protested new economic restrictions
Rural poor questioned all authority
Unable to reconcile the mother country’s and colonial’s viewpoints and buoyed by Thomas Paine’s Common Sense, the American’s finally severed their ties with England and declared independence.