Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
Well, Sort-of
2
What is Data Resource Management??
A managerial activity that applies information systems technologies to the task of managing an organization’s data resources to meet the information needs of their business stakeholders What does that mean?? It’s a very fancy way of saying that we are going to talk about databases
3
What is a Database?? Metadata??
A large, logical, integrated collection of Data and Metadata Metadata?? Data about data. It describes how and when and by whom a particular set of data was collected, and how the data is formatted. Metadata is essential for understanding information stored in data warehouses.
4
What is a Database?? A large, integrated collection of Data and Metadata A way we can model (parts of) the real world (well, Sort-of) Entities (i.e., a person, place, object or event we wish to have information about). Students Physicians Patients Customers The Attributes of that entity (i.e., characteristics). GPA Specialty Illness Balance Due The Relationships between entities (i.e., how do entities interact). One Physician has many Patients A Patient has only one Physician
5
HOW is this information stored?
What is it, really?? Consider some information the University maintains: Name Major Tuition Paid Address Courses Taken Tuition Owed SSN Grades Received Grants/Scholarships HOW is this information stored? You are an entity with attributes which vary. Within the University, different areas have different interests in you (i.e., the Registrar, the Bursar, etc.). Nonetheless, you are still part of the University as a whole.
6
HOW does this relate to a database?
You are an entity Record with attributes Fields which vary Your attributes can be different Within the University, different areas, have different interests in you Files (Tables) (i.e,. The Registrar, Bursar, etc.) Nonetheless, you are still part of the University Database
7
HOW does this relate to a database?
Hierarchically: A Database consists of Files, which contain • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Records, which contain Hernandez, Juan 72 2.42 Jones, Mary 102 3.87 Fields, which may consist of a variety of data types Notice that there should always be a Key (Unique) Field
8
Character: A single alphabetic, numeric or other symbol
Alternatively (from smallest to largest component): Character: A single alphabetic, numeric or other symbol Field: A group of related characters Entity: A person, place, object or event Attribute: A characteristic of an entity Record: A collection of attributes that describe an entity File: A group of related records Database: An integrated collection of logically related data elements
9
Logical Data Elements:
10
(File Processing or Traditional File Processing Systems)
Why Databases?? Databases were not always commonplace Initially, there were no databases or DataBase Management Systems (DBMS) Individual Applications were written to meet specific user needs (File Processing or Traditional File Processing Systems) As business applications became more complex, it became apparent that there were too many problems associated with Traditional Processing Systems
11
(The user would specify their individual needs)
What Problems?? Single Applications A program was written for (generally) one and only one application (The user would specify their individual needs) Program-Data Dependence Since each program was written for a specific data set, a change in the data, or data format, required a change in the program which uses the data
12
What Problems?? Data Redundancy
duplicate data requires an update to be made to all files storing that data Lack of Data Integration data stored in separate files require special programs for output making ad hoc reporting difficult Data Input Errors If more people are required to enter data, the likelihood that errors/mis-entered data will be stored is increased
13
How did this work??
14
How did databases come about??
’s: North American Rockwell’s Moon Project > 60% of all data used was duplicated in multiple data sets (redundancy) By the Mid 1960’s: Rockwell/IBM Joint Venture to develop a DataBase Management System (DBMS) Hierarchical in Nature Later: IBM’s Information Management System (IMS)
15
How are databases different??
Database Management Approach Consolidates data records into one database that can be accessed by many different application programs. Software interface between users and databases Data definition is stored once, separately from application programs
16
How are databases different??
Database Management Approach
17
What is a DBMS?? Software that controls the creation, maintenance, and use of databases
18
What does a DBMS consist of??
19
What are the major functions of a DBMS ???
Database Development: Defining and organizing the content, relationships and structure of the data needed to build the database Specifying integrity constraints Fixing of Access Rights (Authorization)
20
What are the major functions of a DBMS ???
Database Development: Entity Relationship Diagrams Consider the following situation A customer places an order. The order consists of parts. Entity Relationship Relationship Places Contain Customer Orders Parts An Organization about which we wish to maintain information An Association between Entities Entity
21
What are the major functions of a DBMS ???
Database Maintenance: Updating a database continually to reflect new business transactions and other events Updating a database to correct data and ensure accuracy of the data
22
What are the major functions of a DBMS ???
Database Interrogation: Capability of a DBMS to report information from the database in response to end users’ requests Query Language: allows easy, immediate access to ad hoc data requests Report Generator: allows quick, easy specification of a report format for information users have requested
23
What are the major functions of a DBMS ???
Database Interrogation: Natural Language vs. SQL Queries
24
What are the major functions of a DBMS ???
Application Development: End users, systems analysts, and other application developers can use the internal 4GL programming language and built-in software development tools provided by many DBMS packages to develop custom application programs.
25
What are the forms of a DBMS ???
Hierarchical: relationships between records form a hierarchy or treelike structure Network: data can be accessed by one of several paths because any data element or record can be related to any number of other data elements Relational: All data elements within the database are viewed as being stored in the form of simple tables
26
What are the forms of a DBMS ???
RDBMS Table Student StudentID Name Address Major Saenz, Lupe 123 Mesa Finance Chung, Mei 37 5th St. INFOSYS Adams, John 54B Hague Accounting Elam, Mary E St. •••••• Field Names Record Field
27
What are the forms of a DBMS ???
Table Student RDBMS StudentID Name Address Major Saenz, Lupe 123 Mesa Finance Chung, Mei 37 5th St. INFOSYS Adams, John 54B Hague Accounting Elam, Mary E St. •••••• Table Balance Table Department Student Owed Department 1,502.36 Marketing COBA219 Finance COBA232 Accounting •••••• Faculty •••••• Depart Finance INFOSYS Accounting
28
What are the forms of a DBMS ???
Multidimensional Database Structure Variation of the relational model that uses multi-dimensional structures to organize data and express the relationships between data
29
What are the forms of a DBMS ???
Object-Oriented Database Structure Can accommodate more complex data types including graphics, pictures, voice and text
30
What are the forms of a DBMS ???
Object-Oriented Database Structure Encapsulation: data values and operations that can be performed on them are stored as a unit Conceals the exact details of how a particular class works from objects that use its code or send messages to it Inheritance: automatically creating new objects by replicating some or all of the characteristics of one or more existing objects
31
How do the DBMS structures compare ???
(These arte your authors’ viewpoints) Hierarchical: best for structured, routine types of transaction processing. Network: best when many-to-many relationships are needed Relational: best when ad hoc reporting is required.
32
How are databases developed ???
Database Development: Enterprise-wide database development is usually controlled by database administrators (DBA) Data Planning: Database administrators and designers work with corporate and end user management to develop an enterprise model that defines the basic business process of the enterprise.
33
How are databases developed ???
Logical Schema: data elements and relationships among them Physical Schema: describes how data are to be stored and accessed on the storage devices of a computer system Data Dictionary: catalog or directory containing metadata
34
How are databases developed ???
Logical vs. Physical Designs:
35
How are databases used??? Types of Databases:
36
How are databases used??? Types of Databases: Operational: store detailed data needed to support the business processes and operations of a company Subject Area DataBases (SADB), Transaction Databases, Production Databases Customer databases Inventory databases Human Resources databases
37
How are databases used??? Types of Databases: Distributed: databases that are replicated and distributed in whole or in part to network servers at a variety of sites A single logical database that is spread across computers at multiple locations Replicated databases Partitioned databases Challenges: ensuring that data is constantly, consistently and concurrently updated
38
How are databases used??? Types of Databases: External: contain a wealth of information available from commercial online services and from many sources on the World Wide Web Commercial/Shareware/Freeware Internet dominated
39
How are databases used??? Types of Databases: Hypermedia: consist of hyperlinked pages of multimedia
40
How are databases used??? Types of Databases: Data Warehouses
Large database that stores data that have been extracted from the various operational, external, and other databases of an organization
41
How are databases used??? Types of Databases: Data Marts
Databases that hold subsets of data from a data warehouse that focus on specific aspects of a company, such as a department or a business process
42
How are databases used??? Types of Databases: Data Mining Uses:
Perform “market-basket analysis” to identify new product bundles. Find root causes to quality or manufacturing problems. Prevent customer attrition and acquire new customers Cross-sell to existing customers Profile customers with more accuracy
43
QUESTIONS???
Similar presentations
© 2025 SlidePlayer.com Inc.
All rights reserved.