1. I. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

2. System that transports nutrients, gases, hormones, and cellular waste products throughout the body
B. Parts
1.Blood: carries nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste products to and from your body cells.
a. plasma: liquid component of blood that carries blood cells and dissolved materials.

3. carbon dioxide in the blood
b. Platelet: particle that helps blood
clot
c. red blood cell: transports oxygen to
body cells and removes carbon
dioxide; contain hemoglobin.
d. hemoglobin: an iron rich protein
that helps transport oxygen and
carbon dioxide in the blood

4. and destroys pathogens (germs) 2. Blood vessesls
e. white blood cell: attacks, surrounds
and destroys pathogens (germs)
2. Blood vessesls
a. artery-carries blood away from heart,
coronary: supplies to heart; pulmonary:
supplies to lungs
b. Vein-returns blood to the heart
c. Capillary-thin walls allowing transfer of
nutrients, oxygen, co2, and waste between
blood and body cells

5. continually pumps blood throughout the body.
3. Heart-four chambered muscle that
continually pumps blood throughout
the body.
a. atria: two upper chambers
b. ventricles: two lower chambers
c. aorta: main artery in the body
d. heart-rate: number of times heart
contracts each minute

7. f. blood pressure-force of blood against artery walls
e. pulse-surge of blood from con-
tractions
f. blood pressure-force of blood
against artery walls
C. Keeping system healthy
1. reduce amount of fat in diet
2. reduce amount of salt
3. exercise regularly
4. avoid using tobacco products
5. maintain healthy weight
6. practice stress management skills

8. II. Nervous System
Carries messages to and from the brain and spinal cord and other parts of the body
Parts
1.Central nervous system
a. Brain-mass of nerve tissue that acts as the control center of the body; weighs about 3 pounds
1. Cerebrum-largest part of the brain, controls ability to memorize, think, and learn

9. coordinates muscle activity
2. Cerebullum-controls and
coordinates muscle activity
3. Brain stem-controls functions of internal organs
b. Spinal cord-column of nerve cells that extends downward from the brain

11. 1. cell body-main body of the neuron
and carries messages to and from your brain and all parts of your body.
c. Nerve Cells
1. Neuron: a nerve cell that is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system; made up of:
1. cell body-main body of the neuron
2. axon-elongated fiber that carries
impulses away from cell body to the
dendrite
3. dendrite-branching fiber that receive
impulses and carry to cell body

12. 5. Motor neurons-carry responding impulses to muscles and glands
4. Sensory neurons-carry impulses from sense organs to spinal cord and brain
5. Motor neurons-carry responding
impulses to muscles and glands
from brain and spinal cord; cause
responses in muscles and glands
C. How to keep system healthy
1. Wear a protective helmet
2. Avoid diving into shallow water
3. Use a safety belt
4. Follow directions for taking meds

13. 5. Avoid drinking alcohol and using drugs that impair functions of brain
6. Follow directions for using household products that contain chemicals that may affect nervous system

14. B. Parts of immune system 1. Lymph is a clear liquid that
III. Immune System
A. System that removes harmful organisms from the blood and combats pathogens-germs
B. Parts of immune system
1. Lymph is a clear liquid that
surrounds body cells and
circulates in lymph vessels,
carries harmful pathogens to
lymph nodes

15. that filter and destroys pathogens 3. Spleen is an organ on left
2. Lymph node is a structure
that filter and destroys
pathogens
3. Spleen is an organ on left
side of body, that filters
foreign matter from blood
and lymph

16. C. Important information
1. Immunity is the body’s resistance
to disease-causing agents; white
blood cells are formed in bone
marrow and circulate in the blood
2. White blood cells are changed to
T cells, which are white blood cells that destroy pathogens, in the thymus gland.
3. B Cell is another kind of
specialized WBC that produces
antibodies (protein that fights infection)

17. 1. Choose foods that are high in protein and vitamin B
D. How to keep healthy
1. Choose foods that are high in protein and vitamin B
2. Keep accurate records of all immunizations
3. Get plenty of rest and sleep
4. Exercise to keep bones dense and protect bone marrow

18. IV. Respiratory System
A. System providing body cells with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide
B. Air enters through nose or mouth
during inhalation, mucus warms the
air and traps dust particles and pathogens
1. Mucus-thick secretion that
moistens, lubricates, and
protects mucous membranes
2. Mucous membrane-type of

19. 2. Trachea-tube through which air moves to the bronchi and lungs
tissue that lines body cavities and
secretes mucus
C. Parts
1. Epiglottis-flap that covers entrance to the trachea when you swallow
2. Trachea-tube through which air
moves to the bronchi and lungs
3. Cilia-hairlike structures that remove dust and other particles

20. 4. Bronchi-two tubes through which
air moves to the lungs
5. Lungs-main organs of the respiratory system
6. Bronchioles-small tubes that branch to form alveoli
7. Alveoli-microscopic air sacs, thin
walls so O2 and CO2 can easily
pass through them

21. 2.Avoid breathing secondhand smoke 3.Do not inhale harmful drugs
D. How to keep healthy
1.Do not smoke
2.Avoid breathing secondhand smoke
3.Do not inhale harmful drugs
4.Avoid breathing polluted air
5.Exercise regularly
6.Avoid inhaling harmful chemicals
7.Seek medical help for respiratory
infections

22. V. Skeletal System
A. System that serves as a support framework, protects vital organ, works with muscles to produce movement, and produce blood cells
B. Parts
1. Bone-structural material of skeletal
system
2. Periosteum-thin tissue that covers
bone and contains nerves and blood vessels

23. 3. Bone marrow-soft tissue in the
center of most bones, both red
and white blood cells are formed
4. Cartilage-soft, connective tissue
on the ends of some bones; acts
as a cushion where bones meet;
shock absorbers;
5. Ligament-tough fiber that connects bones together
6. Joint-point where two bones meet

24. C. How to keep healthy
1. Choose foods rich in calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D
2. Exercise to strengthen joints
3. Wear protective equipment and properly-fitting, well-cushioned shoes and warm up before exercising
4. Sit, stand and walk with correct
posture

25. VI. Muscular System
A. System that consists of muscles that
provide motion and maintain posture
B. Voluntary muscle-person can control
1. Skeletal-attached to bone
C. Involuntary-functions without persons
control
1. Smooth muscle-found in many internal organs
2. Cardiac-specialized tissue found only
in the heart

26. D. Tendon-tough tissue fiber that attaches muscles to bones
E. How to keep healthy
1. Discontinue exercise if you have
a muscle injury
2. Warm up and stretch before exercise
3. Exercise different muscle groups
regularly
4. Maintain your desirable weight
5. Bend at the knees and keep your
back straight when lifting

27. 6. Select foods and beverages containing carbohydrates and
proteins for energy and muscle
development
7. Sleep on a firm mattress

28. VII. Endocrine System
Body system that consists of glands that produce hormones.
Gland-group of cells that secrete hormones
Hormone-chemical messenger released into bloodstream
Parts
Pituitary gland-produces hormones that control growth and other glands. Often called master gland
Thyroid gland-produces thyroxin which controls metabolism and calcium balance
Metabolism-rate at which food is converted into energy