1. Antebellum Expansion
Unit 5A
AP U.S. History

2. Fundamental Questions
To what extent was Manifest Destiny a cause of sectional tension and conflict?
Evaluate to what extent the national political system contributed to the onset of the Civil War.

3. Democracy in America (1840)
Impressed with American notion of equality
More social mobility than Europe
Success achievable for those willing and able
“I sought for the greatness and genius of America in her commodious harbors and her ample rivers, and it was not there in her fertile fields and boundless forests and it was not there in her rich mines and her vast world commerce, and it was not there in her democratic Congress and her matchless Constitution, and it was not there. Not until I went into the churches of America and heard her pulpits aflame with righteousness did I understand the secret of her genius and power. America is great because she is good, and if America ever ceases to be good, she will cease to be great.”

4. Manifest Destiny
“Away, away with these cobweb tissues of the rights of discovery, exploration, settlement,… [The American claim] is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty…”
- John L. Sullivan, Democratic Review, 1845

5. American Progress, John Gast, 1872

6. Overland Trails

7. Result of Manifest Destiny

8. Texas Revolution American settlement Texas Revolution (1836)
Fueled by Manifest Destiny
Encouraged by Mexican government
Texas Revolution (1836)
Santa Anna’s policies
The Alamo (Feb-Mar 1836)
Battle of San Jacinto (Apr 21, 1836)

9. Second Party System (1828-1854)
Democrats:
States’ rights
Limited government
Laissez-faire
Expansionism
Pro-slavery
Equal opportunity
South and West
Yeoman farmers, working class, southern planters, immigrants
Anti-Masonic Party:
issue party concerned about Freemasons
promoted economic nationalism and social conservatism
Liberty Party:
abolitionist party
Free Soil Party:
Prevent expansion of slavery
Andrew Jackson
Whigs:
American System
Strong federal government
Mixed on slavery
Social conservatives
New England
Upper and middle class professionals, evangelical Protestants
Henry Clay

10. Taney Court Chief Justice Roger Taney Ideology Major Cases
Appointed by Andrew Jackson
Slave owner
Ideology
States’ rights
Limited government
Major Cases
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837)
Scott v. Sandford (1857)
Ex parte Merryman (1861)

11. Election of 1840 William Henry Harrison (W) Martin Van Buren (D)
“Tippecanoe and Tyler Too”
“Log Cabin and Hard Cider”
Martin Van Buren (D)
Suffers from Panic of 1837

12. Sectionalist Presidents William Henry Harrison (W) (1841)
Campaign
A war hero and hero of the common man
Reality
Wealthy plantation and slave owner
Administration
Intended to re-establish and promote American System policies
Lasts one month after contracting pneumonia
John Tyler assumes presidency

13. Sectionalist Presidents John Tyler (W) (1841-1845)
“His Accidency”
Assumes full presidential powers
A Democrat in Whig Clothing
Slave owner from Virginia
Rejects American System policies
Passionately pursues Texas annexation
Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)
Settles boundary disputes with Great Britain

14. Henry Clay, John Neagle, 1843

15. Election of 1844 James K. Polk (D) Henry Clay (W) Darkhorse candidate
Expansion platform
Henry Clay (W)
Avoided direct expansionist rhetoric

16. Sectionalist Presidents James K. Polk (D) (1845-1849)
Jacksonian Democrat, slave owner, and ardent expansionist
Agenda
Independent national treasury
Lower tariffs
Oregon
California
“54’ 40 or Fight!”
49th Parallel
Mexican-American War (1848)
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
Mexican Cession

17. Oregon Country

18. Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
Thornton Affair (4/24/1846)
War Plan and Execution
John Fremont in California
Stephen Kearny in New Mexico
Zachary Taylor in Texas
Winfield Scott in Veracruz and Mexico City
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)
Rio Grande as Texas border
Mexican Cession
$15 million and assumption of claims against Mexico
Wilmot Proviso
Prohibit slavery in Mexican Cession lands
Failed to pass Senate

19. Election of 1848 Zachary Taylor (W) Lewis Cass (D)
Slave owner
War hero
Lewis Cass (D)
Martin van Buren (FSP)

20. California Gold Rush Sutter’s Mill Massive migration to California
January 24, 1848
Massive migration to California
Forty-Niners
San Francisco
5,000 in 1848
25,000 in 1850

21. Compromise of 1850 Parameters
Admit California as free state
Mexican Cession
Popular sovereignty
Reinforced Fugitive Slave Law
Texas boundary and debt disputes
Slave trade abolished in D.C.
“I trust we shall persist in our resistance [to the admission of California] until the restoration of all our rights, or disunion, one or the other is the consequence. We have borne the wrongs and insults of the North long enough.” - John C. Calhoun

22. Fugitive Slave Law
Enforcement of capturing and returning escaped slaves
Slaves flee to Canada
Right to trial by jury denied
Special Commission
$10 for those finding for slaveholder
$5 for those finding for fugitive

23. Underground Railroad Mostly run by free blacks and fugitive slaves
Harriet Tubman
Abolitionists and white supporters
Few white families in South assisted
Slave catchers knowledge

24. Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) Harriet Beacher Stowe Bestselling novel
“I would write something that would make this whole nation feel what an accursed thing slavery is.”
Bestselling novel
Adapted as a play
Fuels abolitionist guilt and rhetoric in Northern free states

25. Slavery and Literature
Anti-Slavery Arguments
Pro-Slavery Arguments
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Moral and emotional argument against slavery
Impending Crisis of the South (1857)
Hinton Helper
Empirical analysis of economic impact of slavery on the South
“Freesoilers and abolitionists are the only true friends of the South; slaveholders and slave-breeders are downright enemies of their own section. Anti-slavery men are working for the Union and for the good of the whole world; proslavery men are working for the disunion of the States, and for the good of nothing except themselves."
Sociology for the South, or the Failure of Free Society (1854)
George Fitzhugh
Capitalism and liberalism virtually enslaved the lower classes
Cannibals All! (1857)
"the unrestricted exploitation of so-called free society is more oppressive to the laborer than domestic slavery."

26. Sectionalist Presidents Zachary Taylor (W) (1849-1850)
War hero of Mexican-American War
States’ rights, but no secession
Views on Slavery
Slave owner
No expansion of slavery
Refused to sign Compromise of 1850
Died after a year in office

27. Sectionalist Presidents Millard Fillmore (W) (1850-1853)
Assumes the presidency after Taylor’s death
Anti-slave moderate
Signs Compromise of 1850
Perry Expedition to Japan ( )

28. The Death of Compromising?
The Great Triumvirate was no more by 1852
A new generation of sectional and ambitious politicians assume leadership roles
William Seward (W, R)
Stephen Douglas (D)
Jefferson Davis (D)

29. Election of 1852
Franklin Pierce (D)
“Doughface”
Winfield Scott (W)

30. Sectionalist Presidents Franklin Pierce (D) (1853-1857)
Jackson Democrat from New Hampshire
Doughface
Supported Compromise of 1850
Gadsden Purchase
Ostend Manifesto (1854)
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
William Walker and Nicaragua

31. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
Stephen Douglas and Chicago
Parameters
Separate Nebraska Territory into Nebraska and Kansas
Each territory voted for slavery based on popular sovereignty
Impact
Douglas won his railroad and Southern support
Virtually repealed the Missouri Compromise
Ended the Whig Party and Second Party System

32. Bleeding Kansas (1854-1861) Kansas Territory settled by two groups
Free-Soilers
Border Ruffians
A virtual civil war between anti-slave and pro-slave local governments
Sacking of Lawrence
Pottawatomie Massacre
Pierce and federal government barely addressed the issue
A Tragic Prelude, John Steuart Curry, 1937

33. Brooks-Sumner Incident May 22, 1856
Senator Charles Sumner (R) (MA)
‘Crime Against Kansas’ Speech
Rep. Preston Brooks (D) (SC)
Becomes a Southern hero

34. The Republican Party Makeup Platform: Disillusioned Northern Democrats
Frustrated Conscience Whigs
Free Soil Party members
Platform:
Increasingly against expansion of slavery
Protective tariffs
Homestead Act/sale of federal lands
Funding for transcontinental railroad

35. Scott v. Sandford (1857)
“[Blacks] had for more than a century before been regarded as beings of an inferior order, and altogether unfit to associate with the white race, either in social or political relations, and so far unfit that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect.”
" We think they [people of African ancestry] are not included, and were not intended to be included, under the word "citizens" in the Constitution, and can therefore claim none of the rights and privileges which that instrument provides for and secures to citizens of the United States "
“For if they were so received, and entitled to the privileges and immunities of citizens, it would exempt them from the operation of the special laws and from the police regulations which they considered to be necessary for their own safety. It would give to persons of the negro race, who were recognized as citizens in any one State of the Union, the right to enter every other State whenever they pleased...to go where they pleased at every hour of the day or night without molestation, unless they committed some violation of law for which a white man would be punished; and it would give them the full liberty of speech in public and in private upon all subjects upon which its own citizens might speak; to hold public meetings upon political affairs, and to keep and carry arms wherever they went. And all of this would be done in the face of the subject race of the same color, both free and slaves, and inevitably producing discontent and insubordination among them, and endangering the peace and safety of the State.”
“. . . [T]he rights of private property have been guarded with care. Thus the rights of property are united with the rights of person, and placed on the same ground by the fifth amendment to the Constitution, which provides that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, and property, without due process of law. And an act of Congress which deprives a citizen of the United States of his liberty or property, merely because he came himself or brought his property into a particular Territory of the United States, and who had committed no offence against the laws, could hardly be dignified with the name of due process of law.”
“Upon these considerations, it is the opinion of the court that the act of Congress which prohibited a citizen from holding and owning property of this kind in the territory of the United States north of the line therein mentioned, is not warranted by the Constitution, and is therefore void; and that neither Dred Scott himself, nor any of his family, were made free by being carried into this territory; even if they had been carried there by the owner, with the intention of becoming a permanent resident.”

36. Election of 1856 James Buchanan (D) John Fremont (R)
“Doughface”
John Fremont (R)
Election results establish Republican Party as legitimate national party
Millard Fillmore (KNP)

37. Sectionalist Presidents James Buchanan (D) (1857-1861)
“Doughface”
Supported Kansas-Nebraska Act
Involved himself in Dred Scott decision
Lecompton Constitution (Kansas)

38. Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)
“A House Divided” - Abraham Lincoln
Freeport Doctrine - Stephen A. Douglas
If we could first know where we are and whither we are tending, we could better judge what to do and how to do it. We are now far into the fifth year since a policy was initiated with the avowed object and confident promise of putting an end to slavery agitation. Under the operation of that policy, that agitation has not only not ceased but has constantly augmented. In my opinion, it will not cease until a crisis shall have been reached and passed. "A house divided against itself cannot stand." I believe this government cannot endure, permanently, half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved; I do not expect the house to fall; but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction, or its advocates will push it forward till it shall become alike lawful in all the states, old as well as new, North as well as South.
The next question propounded to me by Mr. Lincoln is, can the people of a Territory in any lawful way, against the wishes of any citizen of the United States, exclude slavery from their limits prior to the formation of a State Constitution? I answer emphatically, as Mr. Lincoln has heard me answer a hundred times from every stump in Illinois, that in my opinion the people of a Territory can, by lawful means, exclude slavery from their limits prior to the formation of a State Constitution. Mr. Lincoln knew that I had answered that question over and over again. He heard me argue the Nebraska bill on that principle all over the State in 1854, in 1855, and in 1856, and he has no excuse for pretending to be in doubt as to my position on that question. It matters not what way the Supreme Court may hereafter decide as to the abstract question whether slavery may or may not go into a Territory under the Constitution, the people have the lawful means to introduce it or exclude it as they please, for the reason that slavery cannot exist a day or an hour anywhere, unless it is supported by local police regulations. Those police regulations can only be established by the local legislature, and if the people are opposed to slavery they will elect representatives to that body who will by unfriendly legislation effectually prevent the introduction of it into their midst. If, on the contrary, they are for it, their legislation will favor its extension. Hence, no matter what the decision of the Supreme Court may be on that abstract question, still the right of the people to make a slave Territory or a free Territory is perfect and complete under the Nebraska bill. I hope Mr. Lincoln deems my answer satisfactory on that point.

39. John Brown and Harpers Ferry (1859)
"I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood. I had, as I now think, vainly flattered myself that without very much bloodshed it might be done."

40. Election of 1860 Abraham Lincoln (R) Stephen Douglas (D)
Northern Democrats
John Breckinridge (D)
Southern Democrats
John Bell (CU)
Coalition of Cotton Whigs and Know-Nothing

42. Free and Slave States (1789-1861)