1. Biology SOL Review
A General Overview

3. Water: Polarity Caused by unequal sharing of electrons
H end is more positively charged & O end is more negatively charged
Causes water to be a good solvent (dissolver)
Creates Hydrogen bonds
1.) Polarity is caused by the __________________________ sharing of ___________________ between the Hydrogen atoms and Oxygen atoms of a water molecule.
2.) Due to the unequal sharing of electrons, the Hydrogen end of the water molecule becomes more ___________________ charged and the Oxygen end of the water molecule is more _____________________ charged.
3.) The Polarity of the water molecule makes it a good _____________________, which means it can dissolve substances easily.
4.) The Polarity of each water molecule allows it to create ______________________ bonds. This occurs when the positive Hydrogen end of one water molecule is attracted to the _______________________ Oxygen end of another water molecule.

4. Water: Hydrogen Bonds
Attraction between the positive H of one water molecules & the negative O of another water molecule
Weak bond
Breaks & reforms easily
5.) _________________________ bonds are the attraction that holds one water molecule to another.
6.) Hydrogen Bonds form when the _____________________ Hydrogen end of one water molecule is attracted to the ____________________ Oxygen end of another water molecule.
7.) Hydrogen bonds are ___________________ bonds.
8.) Hydrogen bonds break and ________________________ easily.

5. Other Water Properties
Cohesion – water bonds to water
Adhesion – water bonds to other
Neutral – pH of 7
Surface Tension – cohesion, adhesion & H bonds resistance to breakage
High Heat Capacity – absorbs a lot of heat before getting hot & takes a long time to lose heat
9.) Water droplets can stick to other water droplets by a characteristic called __________________________.
10.) Water droplets can stick to other substances, such as the side of a glass or to blades of grass by a property called ________________________.
11.) Water has the ability to absorb a lot of heat before getting too hot and takes a long time to lose that heat due to a property called ______________________________________.
12.) ______________________, ________________________ and Hydrogen bonds create a property known as Surface Tension. This is how insects can water across the surface of water because it resists breakage.

6. pH Scale Shows how Acidic or Basic (Alkaline) something is
Acids: pH 0 – 6.9
Bases: pH 7.1 – 14
Neutral: pH 7
13.) The pH scale shows how ______________________ or how Basic (also called _______________________) something is.
14.) An Acid has a pH number between ____________ and _____________ on the pH Scale. Examples of Acidic substances are _________________________________________.
15.) A Base has a pH number between _____________ and ____________ on the pH Scale. Examples of Alkaline substances are _____________________________________.
16.) Neutral substances have a pH of ______________. An example of a Neutral substance is _______________________.

7. Carbohydrates Disaccharides Polysaccharides Monosaccharides
Builds carb molecules
Used by cells for energy
C-H-O in a 1:2:1 ratio
Ex: Glucose C6H12O6
Disaccharides
2 Monosaccharides
bonded together
Ex:
Sucrose (table sugar)
(glucose + fructose)
Polysaccharides
3+ monosaccharides bonded together
Used for long term storage of carbs
Ex: Starch (plants) & Glycogen (animals)
17.) Sugars, or ___________________________, are one of 4 types of macromolecules found in the body.
18.) There are 3 types of Carbohydrates. They are: ________________________, _______________________ and
________________________.
19.) The building blocks of all Carbohydrates are ______________________. An example is ________________.
20.) The main function of Carbohydrates is an ______________ source for cells.
21.) Disaccharides are 2 ________________________ bonded together. An example is ___________________________.
22.) Polysaccharides are used for ________________________.
An example found in plants is _____________________.

8. Lipids Fatty Acids are the building blocks Used by the body for:
Examples:
Phospholipids, Cholesterol, Fats, Waxes & Oils
Used by the body for:
Long Term Energy Storage
23.) The monomers for Lipids are ___________________ acids.
24.) Examples of Lipids found in the body are:______________
____________________________________________________
25.) Lipids are important to the body because:
a.) They are used for long term __________________ storage.
b.) They build _______________________________
c.) They help keep the body warm by providing ____________________________.
d.) They _________________________ parts of the body.
Building Cell Membrane
Insulation
Lubrication

9. Proteins Made from 20 different Amino Acids Functions:
Enzymes - speed up chemical reactions
Fight Disease (antibodies)
Build Structures (muscles, hemoglobin)
Polypeptides – many amino acids bonded together = a Protein Molecule
26.) The building blocks of Proteins are ___________________.
27.) Proteins are important to the body because:
a.) Enzymes are proteins that __________________________ chemical reactions.
b.) __________________________ are proteins that help fight off pathogens.
c.) Proteins build structures in the body like ________________________ and muscles.
28.) Protein molecules are just large strings of amino acids bonded together called _____________________________.

10. Nucleic Acids Nucleotides are the building blocks
Examples include: DNA & RNA
Carry genetic code and code for building proteins
29.) Nucleic Acids are macromolecules that are made from _________________________________.
30.) DNA and ____________________ are examples of Nucleic Acids.
31.) DNA is responsible for carrying the code for building _______________________ as well as containing your genetic code.
32.) RNA is responsible for making copies of DNA in order to ultimately synthesize ___________________________.

11. Cells & Processes

12. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Pro no!
(Prokaryotic Cells do NOT have a nucleus)
Smaller in size, more primitive,
EX: Bacteria
Eu do!
(Eukaryotic Cells DO have a nucleus)
Generally larger in size, & contain complex membrane bound organelles,
EX: Plant, Animal, Fungi & Protist Cells
33.) There are two main types of cells. The cells that do not contain a nucleus are called ___________________________.
a.) Prokaryotic cells are ________________________ in size.
b.) Prokaryotic cells are more __________________________.
c.) Examples of Prokaryotic cells include __________________.
34.) Cells that contain a true nucleus are called ____________.
a.) Eukaryotic cells are generally ________________________.
b.) Eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound______________.
c.) Examples of Eukaryotic cells include:___________________
____________________________________________________

13. Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell
Plant Cells
Animal Cells
Eukaryotic
Boxy Shape
Have a Cell Wall
Have Chloroplasts
Have Chlorophyll
1 Large Vacuole
NO Centrioles
Eukaryotic
Rounder Shape
NO Cell Wall
NO Chloroplasts
NO Chlorophyll
1 or more smaller Vacuoles
Have Centrioles
35.) Two of the main types of Eukaryotic cells are _______________ and ___________________ cells.
36.) Plant cells have a _____________________ shape.
a.) Plant cells are surrounded by a ______________________ and have ________________________ which allow them to Photosynthesize.
b.) Plants cells contain 1 large ________________________ and have NO _________________________.
37.) Animal cells are ________________________ in shape,
a.) Animal cells have NO ______________________ and NO ____________________________.
b.) Animal Cells have _______________________ vacuoles.
c.) Animals cells have ____________________________ that help with cell division (Mitosis).

14. Cell Organelles Cell Organelle Function Nucleus (like the Brain)
Controls Functions; DNA is here
Cytoplasm (Jelly Like Fluid)
Organelles found floating around in this; Chemical Reactions happen here
Mitochondria (Powerhouse)
Creates ATP; Site of Cell Respiration
Ribsomes (Little Dots)
Site of Protein Synthesis; Made of rRNA
Chloroplast (Green)
Site of Photosynthesis
Cell Membrane
Regulates what enters & leaves
Cell Wall
Rigid outer structure for support & protection
38.) Eukaryotic cells contain many membrane bound organelles.
a.) The control center of the cell , that contains the _________, is called the Nucleus.
b.) The jelly-like fluid , or cytoplasm, is an area where many _______________________________ take place.
c.) The site for Cell Respiration, where ________________ is made is in the Mitochondria.
d.) Small structures made mostly of rRNA called _____________________ is where proteins are made.
e.) The site of Photosynthesis is in the ____________________.
f.) All cells have a cell __________________________, which regulates what enters and exits the cell.
g.) Plants, Bacteria and Fungi cells have a ______________________, which is a rigid, outer, protective structure.

15. Cell Membrane Semi-permeable Phospholipid Bilayer Protein Channels
Regulates the materials that enter and exit the cell
Diffusion
and
Osmosis
occur thru
39.) The cell membrane will allow only certain substances to pass through it. This characteristic is called being ____________________.
40.) The cell membrane is made of 2 layers of _______________________________, that is why it is called a Phospholipid Bilayer.
41.) Two processes that occur through the cell membrane are called __________________________ and _______________________.

16. Diffusion
Movement of substances (sugar, salt, ions, oxygen, amino acids, wastes, etc) through the cell membrane from higher to lower concentration
42.) Diffusion is the movement of substances such as _____________, ______________, and _________________ through a membrane.
43.) The movement of these substance through the membrane occurs from a __________________________ concentration to a ____________________________ concentration.

17. Osmosis
The movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from higher water concentration to lower water concentration.
Importance to Living Things:
Carries nutrient rich liquid into cells
Balances pressure & concentration
Helps expel wastes
Needed by plants to absorb water from soil
44.) Osmosis is the movement of _____________________ through the cell membrane.
45.) The water moves from a ______________________ water concentration to a lower ______________________ water concentration.
46.) The importance of Osmosis to living things:
a.) Carries ___________________ rich liquid into cells.
b.) ______________________ pressure within the cell
c.) Helps get rid of _________________________
d.) Needed by ____________________ to absorb water from soil

18. CO2 + H2O + Sunlight → C6H12O6 + O2
Photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O + Sunlight → C6H12O O2
Carried out by plants, some varieties of protists and some types of bacteria
Occurs in the chloroplasts
Chlorophyll is green pigment that traps light energy
47.) Photosynthesis uses: ______________________, _____________________ and ______________________.
48.) Photosynthesis produces:_____________________ and _________________________.
49.) Occurs within organisms that have _______________________.
50.) The green pigment that traps light energy is called _____________________________.

19. O2 + C6H12O6 → H2O + CO2 + ATP (energy)
Cellular Respiration
O2 + C6H12O6 → H2O + CO2 + ATP (energy)
Carried out by all living things
Occurs in the Mitochondria
ATP is created which is the energy molecule used by cells to do work
51.) Two reactants used for Cellular Respiration are __________________ and __________________.
52.) Three products of Cellular Respiration are ________________, __________________ & ______________.
53.) The process of Cell Respiration occurs in _____________ living things.
54.) The organelle that Cell Respiration occurs within is the ____________________________.
55.) ATP is a type of _______________________ used by cells to function.

20. DNA

21. DNA vs RNA Deoxyribose sugar Thymine Double Strand Double Helix
Contains code for building Proteins
Found in the nucleus
Ribose sugar
Uracil
Single Strand
3 Types: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
Makes copies of proteins
56.) Deoxyribonucleic Acid is _______________ and Ribonucleic Acid is ________________.
57.) Each nucleic acid is named for their __________________, deoxyribose for DNA and ribose for RNA.
58.) DNA and RNA have 2 Nitrogenous bases that are different. DNA has _________________ and RNA has ________________.
59.) There are ________ nucleotide strands in DNA and only _______ nucleotide strand in RNA.
60.) The building blocks of both DNA and RNA are called ____________________________. (refer back to slide 10)
61.) There are 3 types of RNA: __________, __________, and __________

22. DNA Technology
Human Genome Project – mapping all human genes on each of our 46 chromosomes
Detection & prevention of genetic disorders & diseases
Advances in Genetic Engineering (insulin, disease resistant fruits & vegetables, medicine)
Eugenics – the practice of improving the genetics of the human race
Cloning – producing genetically identical individuals
Forensics – using DNA evidence for identification purposes
62.) The complete map of all human genes on each chromosomes is called the ______________________________ project.
63.) Studying genes have helped scientists detect and prevent many different _______________________ disorders & diseases.
64.) Advances in genetic engineering include work with the hormone _________________, and developing disease resistant ________________________ & vegetables.
65.) Using knowledge gathered from the human genome project has increased the practice of improving the genetics of the human race, also called ______________________.
66.) DNA technology has helped to increase the reliability and accuracy of using DNA evidence for _____________________.

23. Genetics

24. Genes: Dominant vs Recessive
Recessive Genes
Dominant Genes
Will only produce the Recessive Phenotype if both alleles are Recessive.
Produces the Dominant Phenotype whether it’s allele is identical or not.
67.) Genes are passed from parents to offspring. Half of the chromosomes are donated from the mother and half from the father. Genes are found on _______________________. Humans have a total of 46, or 23 pairs.
68.) Possibilities for genes are called _____________________.
69.) Genes can be _______________________ or recessive.
70.) _____________________ traits will only show up in the phenotype if both alleles are the same .
71.) _____________________ traits will express themselves in the phenotype in a heterozygous or homozygous situation.

25. Punnett Squares Possibility for Offspring: Genotypes – 50% Bb 50% bb
Cross a Homozygous Recessive Green Eyed Mother with a Heterozygous Brown Eyed Father
Possibility for Offspring:
Genotypes –
50% Bb 50% bb
Phenotypes –
50% Brown Eyed
50% Green Eyed
72.) Homozygous refers to two alleles that are the _______________, such as BB or bb.
72.) Heterozygous refers to two alleles that are ____________________, such as Bb.
73.) ______________________ are the letters written that represent the genes, such as Tt or tt.
74.) ______________________ are how the organism looks, such as tall, short, black or yellow.
75.) ________________________ squares are used to determine the possible gene combinations in the offspring. In a monohybrid cross (pictured above), only __________ trait is crossed. Each box counts as ___________% possibility.

26. Protein Synthesis

27. Transcription RNA Polymerase enzyme unzips DNA
Inside the Nucleus of the cell where DNA is located
76.) ________________________ is the process where mRNA makes a copy of DNA to obtain instructions on how to synthesize various proteins.
77.) This process occurs in the ____________________ of the cell.
78.) An enzyme called ____________________________, unzips the DNA double helix.
79.) _________________ creates a complimentary strand of the DNA molecules that contains the code for building the protein.
RNA Polymerase enzyme unzips DNA
mRNA makes a copy of the DNA code for building a protein

28. Translation
mRNA takes the DNA’s protein code to the Ribosome in the cytoplasm
tRNA brings in the Amino Acids to build the Protein
Start codons & Stop codons tell the RNA where to begin & end when building a Protein
80.) ____________________________ is the process where mRNA takes the DNA’s code out of the nucleus to the ______________________ within the cytoplasm.
81.) Once the mRNA is at the ribosome, _______________ brings the Amino Acids in to help build the growing polypeptide chain, or the ______________________.
82.) Embedded in the code are ______________ and _______________ codons which tell the RNA where to begin and end when building the Proteins.

29. Protein Structure & Function in the Body
Involved in virtually all cell functions
Each protein has a specific role.
Constructed from 20 types of amino acids
Have a distinct 3-D shape (Lock & Key Model)
If shape is altered (Denatured), it won’t function
83.) Proteins are important to the body because they are used by ______________ for almost all functions.
84.) Each protein in the body has a __________________ and unique role.
85.) Proteins are created from __________________________.
86.) Proteins have a distinct _________________________.
87.) If the protein’s shape is changed, it will ______________________, and no longer function.
Proteins build many structures in our bodies…

30. 88.) Proteins are used in the body to build:
a.) _______________________ and nails
b.) ______________________
c.) ______________________
d.) ______________________ and nerves
e.) ______________________

31. Evolution

32. Darwin Developed the Theory of Evolution
Traveled to Galapagos Islands on HMS Beagle
Wrote book: On the Origin of the Species
Found evidence for Evolution with Finches/Beaks
89.) Charles _______________________ developed the Theory of _______________________.
90.) He traveled to the _________________________ Islands and took specimens and notes.
91.) Based on his observations of the ____________________, or birds he found on the islands, he found evolutionary changes in their ________________ shapes.
92.) Darwin wrote a book called _________________________
_______________________________.

33. Natural vs Artificial Selection
Natural Selection
Artificial Selection
Gradual process where traits become more or less common in a population based on their usefulness to survival
A basic mechanism of evolution, along with mutation, migration and genetic drift
Process where humans purposely breed or engineer certain traits into populations
93.) When evolution occurs, a change in populations of species can be seen. Two processes that occur which help influence evolution are _______________________ and ______________________ selection.
94.) When traits help organisms survive in their environment where they are able to survive and pass those traits on to their offspring, __________________ selection has occurred.
95.) Artificial Selection occurs when ____________________ actively breed or engineer certain traits into the populations of organisms.

34. Common Ancestry
Common descent could provide a logical basis for classification
Common ancestry between organisms of different species arises during speciation
96.) Adaptive radiation occurs when __________ species evolves into several new species.
97.) Speciation can show evidence for ____________________ ancestry.

35. Evidence for Evolution
98.) Evidence for Evolution can be seen through:
a.) Comparing the preserved remains of organisms that are dug up from sedimentary rock, called ____________________.
b.) Comparing the structures of developing babies for different organisms, also called ______________________________.
c.) Comparative Anatomy, which includes:
(1) ______________________ structures (made of the same parts, but have different functions).
(2) ______________________ structures (made of different parts, but have the same function)
d.) Molecular Biology (comparing ___________ sequences)

36. Taxonomy

37. Taxa There are 7 groups or Taxa for classifying organisms.
Taxonomy is the science of defining groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics and giving names to those groups.
There are 7 groups or Taxa for classifying organisms.
99.) When classifying organisms into groups based on similar characteristics, there are __________ taxa that are used.
100.) The largest and most general taxon is __________________.
101.) The smallest and most specific taxon is __________________.

38. Binomial Nomenclature: Writing a Scientific Name
102.) Binomial nomenclature is a system for creating a scientific name for every organism. This naming system creates a _________ part name.
103.) The scientific name included the ___________________ and ______________________ taxa names.
104.) The first word is _______________________ and the second word is ____________________ case.
105.) If handwriting the scientific name, you must ______________________ it. If typing the scientific name, you must used italics.

39. Dichotomous Keys
System used to identify organisms by answering questions to narrow down characteristics.
106.) A dichotomous key consists of paired statements used to help narrow down __________________________ of organisms you are trying to identify.

40. Diversity of Life

41. Viruses Nonliving particles
Made of a protein coat that surrounds DNA or RNA (nucleic acid)
Can only reproduce within Host Cells
Lytic Cycle- kills host cell
Lysogenic Cycle – creates a Prophage by putting viral DNA into the Host cell’s DNA; Virus stays dormant for years eventually causing disease later
107.) Viruses are not classified into any Kingdom, because they are not considered to be _______________________.
108.) Viruses are made of a ___________________________ that surrounds a nucleic acid, either _________ or __________
109.) Viruses reproduce only when there is a ______________ cell available.
110.) There are two ways in which viruses reproduce. They are the _________________ cycle and the __________________ cycle.
111.) The Lytic Cycle _____________ the host cell.
112.) A _____________________ is created during the Lysogenic Cycle. This structure is when the Virus DNA is embedded in the host cell’s DNA

42. “Cell lyses, releasing viruses.”
Example of a Bacteriophage Virus attacking a Bacteria Cell…
Look at the diagram above. In the Lytic Cycle, notice the picture that reads:
“Cell lyses, releasing viruses.”
What does the word “Lyses” mean in the statement above?
What does this do to the cell?

43. Bacteria Eubacteria Archaebacteria Cell wall with Peptidoglycan
Found everywhere – very common
Examples: E.Coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus
Cell wall NO Peptidoglycan
Live in extreme or harsh environments (high temperatures, sulfur, volcanoes, no oxygen, salt)
Examples: Methanogens, Halophiles, Thermophiles
113.) There are 2 Kingdoms that include bacteria. They are ______________________ and Archaebacteria.
114.) Eubacteria are very common and found _______________________.
115.) Eubacteria have ___________________________ in their cell walls, where Archaebacteria do not.
116.) Archarbacteria are unusual because they live in places other life cannot survive, such as at extreme ___________________ or places where no ________________ is available.
117.) Bacteria have round shapes called ________________, rod shapes called _________________ and clustered groupings called ____________________.
Both share common shapes: Coccus, Bacillus, Spirillus
Both share common arrangements: diplo, staphylo, strepto

44. Protists Plant-Like, Animal-Like & Fungus-Like
Move using pseudopods, flagella or cilia
Some don’t move at all
Some are autotrophs & other heterotrophs
Examples: Algae, Amoebas, Diatoms, Dinoflagellates
Can cause disease and red tides
118.) ______________________ can be Plant-like, Animal-like or Fungus-like.
119.) Some protists can move using extensions of the cytoplasm called _______________________, long whip-like structures called ______________________ or short hair-like structures called ______________________.
120.) Some are able to make their own food, they are called ____________________. Some must eat other organisms to survive, they are called __________________________.
121.) Some protists can cause _____________________ or Red Tides.

45. Fungi Some unicellular = yeast = used in baking
Some multicellular = mushroom, mold
Decomposers
Can cause disease – athletes foot, jock itch, ringworm
Reproduce Asexually (budding & spores) or Sexually (Gametangium)
Mutualistic Symbiotic Relationship with plant roots = Mycorrhiza Fungi
122.) _______________________ are a unicellular fungus used for baking bread.
122.) All fungi are heterotrophs, or more specifically, ________________________.
123.) Some fungi cause diseases such as __________________
or ____________________________.
124.) _______________________ is a method of asexual reproduction.
125.) __________________________ are structures used during sexual reproduction.
126.) Some fungi form a _______________________ symbiosis with plant roots.

46. Animals

47. General Animal Characteristics
All Multicellular
All Heterotrophic
All are capable of movement at some point
Reproduce: Sperm + Egg = Zygote
Zygote grows into Blastula & Gastrula
Gastrula produces layers: Ectoderm, Mesoderm & Endoderm
Layers develop into organ systems
127.) All animals are _________________________ and _________________________.
128.) All animals are able to __________________ at some point in their life.
129.) Animals reproduce sexually with ______________ and sperm. These combine to form the first cell of the baby called the ________________________.
120.) The __________________________ is when the multicellular growing embryo folds in on itself to form layers. These layers develop in specific __________________ systems.

48. Invertebrates No backbone Very Diverse Phyla: Sponges
Cnidarians – Jellyfish & coral
Worms – flat, round & segmented
Mollusks – octopus, snails, clams
Arthropods – crabs, insects, spiders
Echinoderms – sand dollars, starfish
121.) Invertebrate animals do not have a __________________.
122.) There are many different types of invertebrates.
a.) ___________________ - the simplest organisms
b.) ___________________ - contain exoskeletons
c.) The worms have 3 phyla. They are ______________________, ________________________ & Segmented worms.

49. Vertebrates Backbone Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Classes:
Jawless Fish, Bony Fish, Cartilaginous Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds (Aves)
Mammals
123.) All vertebrates are classified in the phylum _______________________. The animals with a true backbone are classified in the subphylum _________________________.
124.) The main vertebrate groups identified by classes:
a.) _______________________ - lamprey & hagfish – do not have jaws that open and close.
b.) _______________________ - include frogs & salamanders that have smooth moist skin, and jelly like eggs.
c.) _______________________ - include turtles, snakes & lizards with scales on their skin and claws.
d.) _______________________ - warm blooded with hollow bones
e.) _______________________ - have fur & feed babies with milk produced in mammary glands

50. Adaptations Ectothermic – must get heat from environment
Endothermic – can produce their own body heat
Mammary Glands - milk for babies
Amniotic Egg – has a protective shell
125.) Animals that cannot produce their own body heat and must obtain that heat by sunning themselves are called _____________________________ (aka Cold Blooded)
126.) Animals that can produce their own body heat are called _____________________________ (aka Warm Blooded)
127.) Mammals are named for the Mammary Glands that create ______________________ for their babies to drink.
128.) Reptiles and Birds lay eggs with a protective shell. These are called _____________________________ eggs.

51. Plants

52. General Plant Characteristics
All Multicellular
Autotrophs (producers)
Have Roots, Stems & Leaves
Cell Walls made of Cellulose
129.) All plants are _______________________________.
130.) Plants contain chloroplasts which allow them to make their own food. They are Autotrophs, also called __________________________.
131.) All plants have _______________________, _____________________ and ____________________.
132.) The cell walls of plants are made out of a polysaccharide called __________________________.

53. Non-Vascular vs Vascular
No veins (Phloem & Zylem)
Low growing plants
Likes shady, moist areas
Ex: Mosses
Have Veins (Phloem & Xylem)
Includes Gymnosperms & Angiosperms
Ex: Trees, Grass
133.) Plants can be broken down into 2 groups: _________________________ and _______________________
134.) The Non-Vascular plants have no __________________ (Phloem which carries sugars and Xylem which transports water).
135.) An example of a low growing, shade loving non-vascular plant is _____________________.
136.) Vascular plants have _________________________ which transport sugars and waters throughout, much like our veins transports nutrients around our bodies.
137.) There are 2 types of Vascular plants. _________________________ and _______________________

54. Gymnosperms vs Angiosperms
Cone bearing plants
Seeds produced in cones
Ex: Pine Tree, Fir Tree
Flower producing plants
Seeds produced in a fruit or nut
Can be Monocot or Dicot
Ex: Squash, Grass, Peanuts
138.) Gymnosperms are _________________________ bearing plants, where their ________________________ are produced within these cones.
139.) Examples of Gymnosperms include _________________ and __________________ trees.
140.) Angiosperms produce _________________________.
141.) Their seeds form inside a ____________________ or nut.
142.) Examples of Angiosperms are ____________________ and ___________________.

55. Processes of a Leaf Photosynthesis
Transpiration: Loss of water through leaves
Gas Exchange: take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen through the stomata
143.) The process of ______________________________ occurs within the leaves of a plant because that is where the chloroplasts can be found.
144.) Water loss also occurs through holes in the leaves called Stomata. The process of water loss through these stomata is called ______________________________.
145.) Plants need to take in ___________________________ and release ________________________ through the stomata within their leaves during gas exchange with the surrounging air.

56. Chloroplasts & Photosynthesis
Chloroplasts contain Chlorophyll, the green pigment that traps light energy
Carbon dioxide + water → sugar + oxygen
light
CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2
146.) The process of photosynthesis takes place within the organelle known as ________________________.
147.) Within the chloroplast are green pigmented molecules called _________________________ that trap light energy.
148.) Three things used in Photosynthesis are:
_______________, _______________, ______________
149.) Two things produced in Photosynthesis are:
______________________ & ____________________

58. Energy Flow Energy flows in one direction
Energy on Earth comes from the sun
Food Chains & Food Webs show how Energy Flows in an Ecosystem
Food Chain Example:
150.) As energy moves through an ecosystem, it does so in only ________________ direction.
151.) Most all of the energy on Earth comes from the _____________.
152.) Illustrations used to show how energy flows through ecosystems are called _____________________________ and ______________________________.

59. Food Web: Arrows show the direction of energy flow.
Autotrophs
Herbivores
Carnivores
Top Carnivores
153.) A food web shows all of the possible feeding relationships within an ecosystem. The arrows point in the direction of _________________________ flow.
154.) Trophic levels are shown on this food web.
a.) Autotrophs are also called Primary ____________________
b.) Herbivores are also called Primary _____________________
c.) Carnivores are also called Secondary ___________________
d.) Top Carnivores are also called Tertiary __________________

60. Symbiotic Relationships
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
Both organisms benefit
1 organism benefits but 1 organism is neither harmed nor benefits
1 organism benefits but 1 organism is harmed
155.) Organisms undergo competition for resources most of the time. Sometimes organisms produce relationships with other organisms. There are three main types of Symbiotic Relationships:
a.) _______________________ - a bird picking fleas, flies and ticks off of a cow’s back
b.) ________________________ - a clown fish residing within a sea anemone for protection against predators.
c.) ________________________ - a leach attached to an animal and sucking our their blood.

61. Predictable changes to a community over time.
Succession
Predictable changes to a community over time.
Primary Succession: Brand new community forms – EX: new land created from a lava flow or earthquake
Secondary Succession: Community starts over after a natural disaster destroys an existing community
156.) ___________________________ is a change in a community over time.
157.) There are 2 types of Succession:
____________________________ - when a preexisting community has been destroyed by a fire or hurricane and it must start over
____________________________ - when a brand new community starts growing on a newly formed island that was created when an earthquake lifted the ocean floor above the water’s surface.
158.) A __________________________ species is the first organisms to live in a community.
159.) A _________________________ community is a mature, older, set of organisms living within a community.

62. Other Ecological Concepts
Niche
Limiting Factors
The role an organism plays in its community
No two organisms can occupy the same niche
Examples:
Oak tree provides habitat
Honey Bees pollinate flowers
Worms provide food for Robins
Termite Queen lays eggs for
hive
Controls the growth of organisms
Can be Biotic, such as:
Predation, Disease, Starvation, Competition
Can be Abiotic, such as:
Habitat loss, Natural Disasters, Temperature, Drought
160.) The role an organism plays in his community is called it’s ________________________.
a.) No 2 organisms can occupy the same __________________.
b.) Examples of a Niche are:_____________________________
____________________________________________________
161.) Limiting factors ______________________ the growth of organisms.
a.) Limiting factors can be living, also called ________________ factors, such as _______________________________________
b.) Limiting factors can be non-living, also called ____________ factors, such as _______________________________________

63. Populations
Carrying Capacity (K) – represents the population number of individuals the environment can support
J-Curve & S-Curve Graphs
Initial Growth, Exponential Growth, Steady State, Decline, Extinction or Absence
162.) Populations are groups of organisms within the same species . They are measured to determine success rates:
a.) The _________________________ capacity, also written as the letter ______________ represents the number in a population that the environment can support successfully.
b.) A ________ - Curve graph shows a population that has a rapidly increasing growth pattern, also referred to as ________________________ growth.
c.) An _________ - Curve graph shows a population that eventually reaches _______________________________ and tries to maintain that population number.
d.) If the population exceeds the carrying capacity, sometimes they all will die off, which is referred to as _________________

64. Scientific Investigation

65. Determining Variables
Independent Variable –
The condition you have control over changing – you decide the conditions
Dependent Variable –
The condition that changes as a result of the Independent variable
In a data table, the Independent Variable is usually the first column!
On a graph, the Dependent Variable is on the Y-Axis!
163.) A.) What is the Independent Variable in the data table?
_______________________ Why?________________________
____________________________________________________
B.) What is the Dependent Variable?______________________
164.) A.) On a graph, what axis can you find the Independent Variable?________________
B.) On a graph, what axis can you find the Dependent Variable?
___________________
165.) Which column of a data table do you normally find the Independent Variable?_________ Dependent Variable?_______
In a data table, the Dependent Variable is usually the second column!
On a graph, the Independent Variable is on the X-Axis!