1. New France

2. I. Population in 1627 Situation in New France
100 colonists lived in New France
mostly men
11 women
96 men

3. II. Company of One Hundred Associates
Company Creation:
Chartered company created by the state in 1627
Made up of 100 investors including Cardinal Richilieu & Samuel de Champlain
Fur Trade company

4. II. Company of One Hundred Associates
Privileges & Obligations/Mandate:
Privilege:
Granted a fur trade monopoly & joint control over the colony
Mandate:
Evangelization of Natives
Populating the colony by bringing over settlers
in 15 years

5. II. Company of One Hundred Associates
Reasons for small settlement:
War against England caused financial losses:
Company ships captured by the English
Capture of Quebec by the English in 1628
Company had little interest in bringing settlers:
No need for French labour because Natives brought furs to trading posts
Trading posts needed few people to operate
Expensive to bring settlers
Mostly men attracted by the fur trade

6. Treaty of Saint- Germain – en- Laye 1632 –treaty was signed
Maximilian Van der Gucht, etching, “Attack on Quebec by Captain Kirke,” dated to the 17th century.
Treaty of Saint- Germain – en- Laye
1632 –treaty was signed
New France was returned under the control of France

7. II. Company of One Hundred Associates
Attempts at Colonization:
Trois – Rivieres - Permanent fort founded in 1634
Engages – were encouraged to settle permanently in the colony after their employment contract was over
The Company leased its monopoly to the Communaute des Habitants in hopes of paying off its debts
Trois Rivieres

8. III. Seigneurial System
Social Organization:
A system used to organize land and social affairs - created in 1627:
Company of 100 Associates distributed land to seigneurs - along the St. Lawrence River
Seigneurs found settlers to become tenants - Censitaires and work the land for them
Each censitaires gave a portion of their crops/dues to the seigneur as payment
Seigneurial System:
A model of social organization in which a seigneur distributes land to peasants in exchange for dues
Seigneury:
land belonging to a seigneur
Censitaires:
a peasant who receives a plot of land from a seigneur

9. Seigneurs – Nobles, Administrators… Censitaires - Peasants
Responsibilities
Seigneurs – Nobles, Administrators…
Censitaires - Peasants
Loyalty to the king
Grant land to censitaires
Build and maintain flour mill
Reserve metal ores and oaks for the king
Give 1/5 of value to the king if seigneury was sold
Keep the state informed of affairs in the seigneury
Work the land
Pay an annual rent in money or produce
Pay for using the flour mill with produce
3 days unpaid labour to the seigneur
Maintain public roads on their land

11. III. Seigneurial System
Social Diversity of Seigneurs
Usually nobles, bourgeoisie, administrators military officers or religious orders
Part of the elite society of France (wealthy or influential)
Enjoyed prestige
Daily Life:
Clear the land
Farm work
Women cooked and raised kids
Winter was a time of little work

12. III. Seigneurial System
Territorial Organization
Situated perpendicular to the St. Lawrence River
Typically found on a siegneury:
Church Land – church, cemetery, priest’s house
Seigneur’s Estate – manor house
Censives -Farm lots
Commons – pasture for animals
Gristmill
Range road & perpendicular road
Uncleared land
River
Censive Gristmill
Seigneur’s Estate Range Road
Church Land

13. Seigneuries in New France

14. IV. Catholicism in New France
Goal of the Church:
Main Goal: Religious orders - Ursulines, Recollets and the Jesuits were sent to evangelize the Natives
Provided support & guidance to the colonists
Oversaw education and healthcare
Strategies:
Encouraged immigration to model Christian living to the Natives
Established missions

15. Support & Guidance for colonists:
Parish:
Territory under the responsibility of a priest who offers religious services
Tithe:
Tax which Catholics pay to the Church. In New France it was paid in grain
Established parishes
Established and operated several institutions and services:
Schools
Mass
Hospitals
Charities
Orphanages
Social Events

16. Key Establishments of the Church:
Hotel Dieu
Ville Marie
Mission founded at Montreal/Ville Marie in 1642
Paul de Chomeday de Maisonneuve and Jeanne Mance created Montreal to convert and educate the Natives
Hotel Dieu
First hospital in New France – created by Jeanne Mance -1642
Ville - Marie

17. Role of the Bishop Supreme authority of the church in New France
First Bishop – Monseigneur Francois de Laval
Issued pastoral letters to convey key instructions to his parishioners

18. V. Alliances & Rivalries
Rivalries between Europeans and Natives
French:
Aligned with the Algonquin, Maliseet, Innu and the Huron-Wendat
The Iroquois and their allies became French enemies
Dutch & English:
Aligned with the Iroquois to profit from fur trade
Europeans
Native Allies
French
Algonquin
Maliseet
Huron-Wendat
English & Dutch
Iroquois

19. Iroquois Wars – 17th Century
Iroquois launched several attacks against the French using guns provided by Dutch & English
French were few in number and lacked military support – they sought peace accords to secure the colony
Iroquois continued to attack – the wars led to the disappearance/scattering of the Huron – Wendat from the Great Lakes region

20. VI. New France around 1663 Territory
Fur trade led to vast territorial expansion
New France, Circa 1663

21. VI. New France around 1663 Population of French Origin
3000 colonists vs 80,000 in English colonies
Demographic imbalance between male and female population
mostly men attracted by the fur trade
37% women
63% men

22. Native Population
Acculturation:
A process by which one adopts foreign cultural practices in whole or part
Metis
A person of mixed European and Native heritage. Usually European father and Native mother
Large drop in population due to war and disease (smallpox, typhus, cholera, chicken pox)
Acculturation of natives
Changing culture
Adoption of clothing tools and weapons
Conversion
Mixed marriages – Metis population

23. Economy Based on fur trade
Iroquois wars result in weakening of French trade and alliance network
Decrease of fur supply