1. The Spanish-American War
Chapter 9 Section 2

2. Learning Targets:
The Spanish- American War: Why did the United States go to war against Spain in 1898, and why was the outcome significant?
Learning Targets: I Can…
Describe the ways in which the United States took advantages of several incidents in Latin America to reaffirm the Monroe Doctrine.
Analyze the events leading up to and following the Spanish-American War.
Identify the areas after the war where the United States gained influence and new territories.

3. Expansionists looked to three main areas of the world:
Latin American,
islands of the Pacific, and
China

4.
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5. Involvement in Latin America
United States in Latin America
1st – 1891 Chilean mob attacked a group of American Sailors on shore leave
2 killed, 17 injured
U.S. Government forced Chili to pay $75,000 to families of killed and injured soldiers
2nd President Cleveland ordered naval units to Rio de Janeiro to protect U.S. shipping interests from rebellion in Brazil – stopped rebellion

7. 3rd - Britain and Venezuela disputed ownership of territory located at border between Venezuela and British Guiana
Mineral wealth located in border area
1895 President Cleveland’s Sec. Of State, Richard Olney, demanded that Britain acknowledge the Monroe Doctrine and submit the boundary to arbitration
arbitration – settlement of a dispute by a person chosen to listen to both sides and come to a decision

8. President Grover Cleveland Richard Olney, Sec. of State
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Richard_Olney,_Bain_bw_photo_portrait,_1913.jpg

9. Britain stated the doctrine had no standing in international law
Realizing the need to stay on friendly terms with the increasingly powerful U.S., Britain backed down and agreed to arbitration

10. The Cuban Rebellion Cuba first rebelled against Spain in 1868
Spain put meager reforms in place to appease Cuban people after 10 years of fighting rebels
1895 Cuban economy collapsed – rebelled again
Spain sent 150,000 troops under General Valeriano Weyler

11. http://www. cubanfoodmarket. com/mm5/graphics/00000001/Cuba-map-large

12. Weyler put hundreds of thousands of Cubans in concentration camps to stop aid to rebels (policy of “reconcentration”)
Within two years 200,000 prisoners died
Cuban exiles in U.S. urged government to intervene led by journalist Jose Marti
Both President Cleveland and McKinley refused

14. Cuban guerrillas destroyed American sugar plantations and mills to attract U.S. government attention (business leaders pressure government to intervene)
1890s competition for readers between NY World and NY Morning Journal spurred reporting of exaggerated and false news stories.
Pitted publishers Pulitzer and Hearst against one another – demand for intervention in Cuba increased

15. William Randolph Hearst Joseph Pulitzer
pulitzer.jpg

16. William Randolph Hearst
Hearst, son of gold mining tycoon started publishing San Francisco Examiner in 1887
His combination of investigative reporting and sensationalist stories to increase circulation successful
Bought New York Morning Journal in 1895
Lured experienced journalist from other papers

17. Technique’s – sensational crime stories, illustrations, vivid headlines, lower price to one cent to increase circulation
Both Pulitzer/Hearst used yellow journalism (sensational headlines and stories) to sway public opinion in favor of rebels.
Printed horrifying stories about the “Butcher” Weyler
Jingoism – burst of national pride/desire for aggressive foreign policy from a line in a 1870 British song

19. Hearst served in U.S. House of Representatives
1935 owned 28 newspapers, 18 magazines, radio stations and news services

20. Patty Hearst
The granddaughter of publishing magnate William Randolph Hearst
She gained notoriety in 1974 when, following her Kidnapping by the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA)
She ultimately joined her captors in furthering their cause. Apprehended after having taken part in a bank robbery
Hearst was imprisoned for almost two years before her sentence was commuted by President Jimmy Carter.
She was later granted a presidential pardon by President Bill Clinton.

21. Patty Hearst

22. Turning Point: The Spanish-American War
Steps to War
1898 riots in Havana, Capitol of Cuba
President McKinley moved battleship U.S.S Maine into harbor to protect U.S. citizens and property
U.S. newspaper published a letter stolen from the Spanish Ambassador to Washington Dupuy de Lome two weeks later describing McKinley as weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd
Explosion sank the Maine, 250 American sailors killed

23. A fire set off ammunition – American public blamed Spanish called for war
McKinley hesitated
Philippines, possession of Spain, rebelling as well
Assistant Secretary of Navy, Theodore Roosevelt, thought it would be a key base to protect U.S. interests in Asia

24. Roosevelt cabled Naval Commanders in Pacific to prepare for military action against Spain
Pres. McKinley ordered all cables withdrawn except one to Admiral George Dewey
Dewey was told to attack the Spanish fleet in the Philippines if war broke out with Spain

26. McKinley sent a list of demands to Spain
Compensation for the Maine
End to concentration camps
Truce in Cuba/Cuban independence
Spain accepted most of American demands
McKinley decided he could not resist the growing cries for war.

27. April 11th, he sent a war message to Congress “Remember the Maine”!
Congress recognized Cuban Independence and authorized force against Spain

28. “A Splendid Little War”
May 1, Dewey launched a surprise attack on Spanish ships anchored in Manilla Bay
Destroyed Spain’s entire Pacific fleet in 7 hours
U.S. Warships bottled up Spain’s Atlantic fleet in the harbor at Santiago

29. Rough Riders
1st volunteer Calvary, led in a charge up San Juan Hill by Roosevelt who resigned his former position

31. Image above from history.sandiego.edu/ gen/documents/sawar2.html

32. Became most famous incident of war
Recruited volunteers included cowboys, miners, policemen, college athletes, several units of African American troops
Became most famous incident of war

33. Results:
July 3, Spanish fleet attempted to escape, U.S. Navy sank every Spanish ship = wild independence day celebration in U.S.
2500 Americans died/400 in battle – others from food poisoning, yellow fever, malaria, and inadequate medical care
Secretary of State, John Hay, captured public mood – wrote Roosevelt it was a “Splendid Little War”

34. Nurses during the Spanish American War on the hospital ship Relief in Cuban waters
Image above from documents/spanam/WS-ANC.htm

35. http://images. encarta. msn

36. After the War U.S. signed treaty of Paris with Spain Dec. 1898
Spain recognized Cuba’s independence
Gave up Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam to U.S. for $20 million
“ unincorporated” territories of U.S. – their citizens would not become American citizens

37. Dilemma in Philippines
Some American troubled – violating peoples right to liberty by colonizing
Pres. McKinley explained rebels on edge of war with one another in Philippines – Filipino people “unfit for self-government”
If U.S. did not act Europeans might seize the Islands

38. http://www. josheastburn
war.jpg

39. Senate ratified treaty n 1899
Rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed Philippines a republic – U.S. ignored him
3 year war ensued – 4200 American killed/2800 wounded 16,000 Filipino rebels killed/200,000 civilians killed
1946 Philippines gained complete independence

40. http://upload. wikimedia
Allison.JPG/300px-San_Juan_Hill_by_Kurz_and_Allison.JPG

41. Fate of Cuba and Puerto Rico
Teller Amendment 1898 – promised U.S. would not annex Cuba (added by supporters of Cuban Independence)
To protect U.S. business interests, President McKinley installed a military government in Cuba led by General Leonard Wood – ruled three years
Organized school systems, restored economic stability, Commission of Army Medical Corp found cure for yellow fever

42. 1900 military government began to draft constitution modeled on U. S
1900 military government began to draft constitution modeled on U.S. Constitution
U.S. insisted Cubans include Platt Amendment
Platt Amendment stated Cuban government could not enter any foreign agreements, must allow U.S. two naval bases, give U.S. right to intervene whenever necessary

43. Platt Amendment remained in force until 1934
Puerto Rico did not become independent
U.S. granted Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship in 1917

44. Annexation of Hawaii 1887 duty free agreement with Hawaii
leased Pearl Harbor to U.S.
White Hawaiian born planters forced King Kalakaua to accept a constitution that gave them control of government
King died in 1891, his sister opposed U.S. control of Islands

45. 1893, Pineapple planter Sanford B. Dole with help of U. S
1893, Pineapple planter Sanford B. Dole with help of U.S. Marines removed Queen Liliuokalani from power
He proclaimed a republic and requested Hawaii be annexed by U.S.
McKinley supported annexation as Manifest Destiny
1898 Congress approved annexation – needed naval bases in Hawaii in order to be a world power

46. Samoa
1878 U.S. treaty offering protection in return for lease on harbor at Pago Pago
European nations competed for control in 1880s almost led to war
Britain/Germany/U.S. arranged a three-way protectorate of Samoa in 1889
1899 Great Britain withdrew
1899 U.S. acquired harbor at Pago Pago as well

47. An Open Door to China
Russia, Germany, Britain, France, and Japan were seeking spheres of influence – areas of economic and political control in China
In 1899, John Hay, wrote to powers persuading them to keep an “open door” to China
Wanted to ensure through Open Door Policy that U.S. would have equal access to China’s millions of consumers

48. Cool response from others
Chinese resented foreign influence
Righteous and Harmonious Fists – called Boxers by Western Press, led a massacre of 300 foreigners and Christian Chinese
European Powers defeated Boxers
Secretary Hays feared imperialists would use this to seize more Chinese territory
Reissued the Open Door notes – stronger statement about the intention of the U.S. to preserve it.