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Chapter Introduction Section 1 Living in Africa South of the Sahara Section 2 People and Their Environment Chapter Summary & Study Guide Chapter Assessment Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides. Contents

Intro 1

Chapter Objectives Describe how people make a living in Africa south of the Sahara.  Examine environmental challenges and their effect on life in the region. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Intro 2

As you read this chapter, use your journal to log information about life in Africa south of the Sahara today. Include interesting and descriptive details that reflect the region’s unique characteristics. Intro 3

End of Intro

Living in Africa South of the Sahara
Objectives Describe the most common farming methods in Africa south of the Sahara.  Explain how mineral resources benefit the peoples of the region.  Identify the reasons industrial development has been slow in Africa south of the Sahara.  Describe how transportation and communications are changing in the region. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-1

Terms to Know subsistence farming  shifting farming  sedentary farming  commercial farming  cash crop  conservation farming  infrastructure  e-commerce Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-2

Places to Locate Zimbabwe  Zambia  South Africa  Guinea  Nigeria  Kampala Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-3

Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.
Section 1-4

Four of the world’s five largest-capacity water reservoirs are in Africa–one each in Uganda, Zimbabwe, Egypt, and Ghana. Uganda’s Owen Falls reservoir has the greatest capacity of all; it can hold nearly 205 billion cubic meters of water. This is nearly ten times the capacity of Lake Mead, located on the Nevada-Arizona border, which is the largest reservoir in the United States. Section 1-5

Agriculture More than 66 percent of the region’s population is engaged in agriculture, mostly on the subsistence level. Single cash crop economies still characterize some countries of the region. (pages 537–539) Section 1-6

Agriculture (cont.) Farming Methods and Export Crops 
Shifting Farming–In forest areas, farmers clear land, farm it, and move on in one to three years when the soil is exhausted.  Sedentary Farming–Where the soil is good, farmers remain settled in one place.  Commercial Farming–Most commercial farms are owned by foreigners who employ a small percentage of the local population.  Crops such as oil, peanuts, cacao, and sisal are the main exports of the region. (pages 537–539) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-7

Agriculture (cont.) Zimbabwe: Conflict Over Land Because commercial plantations have taken over most of the best land, subsistence farmers are in trouble.  In Zimbabwe, a tiny percentage of the population owns 40 percent of the land.  Violence between landowners and small-scale farmers has reduced crop production and threatened Zimbabwe’s economy. (pages 537–539) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-8

Agriculture (cont.) Meeting Challenges Irrigation and improved farming methods are helping to overcome soil damage from clear-cut logging, overgrazing, and other practices that lead to desertification. (pages 537–539) Section 1-9

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Agriculture (cont.) How might small-scale farmers and large commercial farmers resolve their differences? Possible answers: The government could reduce violence, introduce an orderly land reform program, and provide incentives to commercial farmers to improve wages and working conditions. (pages 537–539) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 1-10

Logging and Fishing Despite a small output, commercial logging creates serious consequences for the region’s forests.  Commercial fishing also represents a small portion of the region’s economic activity, although some coastal areas and island countries depend on fish exports. (pages 539–540) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-11

Logging and Fishing (cont.) (pages 539–540) Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. Section 1-12

Logging and Fishing (cont.) How might the countries of the region make better use of their forest and sea resources? Governments might better regulate logging companies’ activities and provide support for fishing industries. (pages 539–540) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 1-13

Mining Resources Mineral Wealth South Africa’s mines produce gold, diamonds, coal, and other minerals.  Foreign investors of companies owned by white South Africans reap the most benefits.  Little money reaches black South African mine workers. (page 540) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-14

Mining Resources (cont.)
An Imbalance of Riches Rich mineral resources are unevenly distributed throughout the region and rarely benefit most of the people.  Government mismanagement and the sending of profits abroad are partly responsible for this situation. (page 540) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-15

Mining Resources (cont.) How might miners work to improve their working conditions? Miners might go on strike for higher wages or better working conditions. They also might vote for political candidates who promise reform. (page 540) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 1-16

Industrialization Development of Manufacturing Even though governments have encouraged industrial expansion, manufacturing still accounts for only 15 percent of the region’s gross domestic product. (pages 540–541) Section 1-17

Industrialization (cont.)
Overcoming Obstacles  A shortage of skilled workers, political instability, and poverty all pose obstacles to the region’s efforts to industrialize.  Trade with countries outside the region has grown since World War II.  Various countries also have formed regional trading associations to advance trade within the region. (pages 540–541) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-18

Industrialization (cont.) What reforms are needed to promote industrialization in Africa south of the Sahara? Reforms are needed for education and job training programs, improvements in government institutions, and incentives to boost foreign investment in industry to promote industrialization in Africa south of the Sahara. (pages 540–541) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 1-19

Transportation and Communication
Geographical obstacles contribute to transportation difficulties. Variable terrain, vast distances, lack of harbors, and lack of navigable rivers impede efficient transportation systems. (pages 541–542) Section 1-20

(cont.) Roads and Railroads Africa south of the Sahara is making an effort to repair and extend its major roads and railroads.  Several countries are discussing the development of a new major highway that would link the region with North Africa. (pages 541–542) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-21

Transportation and Communication (cont.) (pages 541–542) Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. Section 1-22

(cont.) Communications Radio is the main form of mass communication in the region.  Satellite technology may eventually improve access to television.  Print media have limited impact because of low literacy rates.  Telephone service is limited, but wireless technology is expected to bring improvements. (pages 541–542) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-23

(cont.) Internet Commerce People throughout the region have access to the Internet in public places where they pay small fees to use it.  Some people are able to participate in e-commerce, running businesses over the Internet. (pages 541–542) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-24

Transportation and Communication (cont.) (pages 541–542) Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. Section 1-25

Transportation and Communication (cont.) What will be the effect of improvements to the region’s highway and railroads? Economic development will advance as new markets for local products are opened. People in remote areas will be less isolated. (pages 541–542) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 1-26

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Checking for Understanding Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. __ 1. farming organized as a business __ 2. producing just enough food for a family or a village to survive __ 3. farming carried on at permanent settlements __ 4. the basic urban necessities like streets and utilities __ 5. a land-management technique that helps protect farmland __ 6. farm crop grown to be sold or traded rather than used by the farm family D A. subsistence farming B. shifting farming C. sedentary farming D. commercial farming E. cash crop F. conservation farming G. infrastructure H. e-commerce A C G F E Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Section 1-27

Checking for Understanding Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. __ 7. method in which farmers move every few years to find better soil __ 8. selling and buying on the Internet B A. subsistence farming B. shifting farming C. sedentary farming D. commercial farming E. cash crop F. conservation farming G. infrastructure H. e-commerce H Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Section 1-28

Critical Thinking Making Generalizations What economic features do many countries in Africa south of the Sahara share? How have these shared features affected their economies? Many countries share subsistence farming, reliance on crops or resources developed during the colonial period, and trading patterns as economic features. Many countries have not yet experienced much economic growth. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 1-29

Critical Thinking Making Predictions What role might the Internet play in the region’s economic development? Explain. The Internet might open new markets for products from the region and be a source of ideas and information to help Africans develop their economies. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 1-30

Critical Thinking Comparing and Contrasting Compare and contrast the roles agriculture and industry each play in the region. Consider changes in the region’s economies before and after independence as part of your analysis. Agriculture has played a greater role in the region, although industrial expansion has been encouraged since independence. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 1-31

Analyzing Graphs Human-Environment Interaction What can you conclude about the importance of agriculture in the economies of the countries represented in this graph? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 1-32

Analyzing Graphs Agriculture is less important to the economies of Nigeria, Namibia, and Sao Tome and Principe than in those of the rest of the countries shown. Section 1-33

End of Section 1

People and Their Environment
Objectives Examine why food shortages have occurred in parts of Africa south of the Sahara.  List steps the African countries south of the Sahara are taking to protect their environment.  Discuss the outlook for the region’s future development. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-1

Terms to Know habitat  extinction  poaching  ecotourism Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-2

Places to Locate Somalia  Ethiopia  Djibouti  Sahel  Sudan  Eritrea  Côte d´lvoire  Madagascar Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-3

Section 2-4

During the late 1970s and 1980s, Ethiopia suffered from a series of droughts that steadily lowered food production. As the droughts became prolonged, the country faced widespread famine. A brutal civil war and obstacles imposed by the government hindered global efforts to provide food and medical aid to Ethiopia. During the 1980s, about 1 million Ethiopians died from starvation and disease. Section 2-5

Shadow of Hunger Hunger is one of the leading concerns of people living in Africa south of the Sahara. Drought and wars have contributed to famine in many parts of the region. (pages 543–545) Section 2-6

Shadow of Hunger (cont.)
Desertification The Sahel, a semiarid region of land in West Africa, once supported nomadic herding and farming.  Today a wide area of the Sahel has become desert.  Among the primary causes of this change are a drier climate and the stripping of the Sahel’s vegetation by people and animals. (pages 543–545) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-7

Severe droughts in other parts of Africa have helped turn farmland into wasteland. (pages 543–545) Section 2-8

Conflict and Hunger  War is a major cause of hunger and malnutrition.  Regional conflicts have slowed economic growth and caused starvation and death.  Millions of Africans have become refugees and face an uncertain future.  Peace is critical to resolving the hunger problem.  Conflict in Sudan, for example, placed millions of Sudanese at risk because food aid often could not reach the people who needed it. (pages 543–545) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-9

Shadow of Hunger (cont.) (pages 543–545) Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. Section 2-10

Farming in Peace Farmers in Ethiopia and Eritrea were productive until their two countries went to war over a disputed border.  Then they were hit by one of the worst droughts in years, increasing their dependence on aid organizations for food. (pages 543–545) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-11

Shadow of Hunger (cont.) Explain the relationship between war and famine. Possible answers: Clashing armies cause great damage to the land. Soldiers also take resources from the land to meet their needs. (pages 543–545) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2-12

Land Use People in Africa south of the Sahara are struggling with problems of land use. The environmental impact of economic development, urban growth, hunting, and tourism has raised difficult questions about how the land is to be used. (pages 545–546) Section 2-13

Land Use (cont.) Destruction of the Rain Forest In 1990, rain forests covered about 1.5 billion acres in Africa south of the Sahara.  On the African continent as a whole, almost half of the original rain forests are now gone.  Responding to the alarm, several countries have set aside forest preserves. (pages 545–546) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-14

Land Use (cont.) Some logging companies have begun replanting forests and using modern methods of tree farming. (pages 545–546) Section 2-15

Land Use (cont.) Endangered Animals 
As people cut down forests for farming, grazing, and timber, many plant and animal species are put at risk.  Deforestation destroys animal habitats, or living areas, and many species unique to the region face extinction.  European hunters reduced the animal population during the colonial period.  Today poaching continues to threaten the region’s wildlife. (pages 545–546) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-16

Land Use (cont.) Conservation and Tourism Several countries in the region have created huge animal preserves, and ecotourism has become a source of income for the region.  People living in the region, however, often object to the preserves, feeling that human needs outweigh the needs of animals.  Governments are trying to resolve this conflict. (pages 545–546) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-17

Land Use (cont.) (pages 545–546) Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. Section 2-18

Land Use (cont.) What would you say to an African who objected to the wildlife preserves because of the human need for farmland and freshwater? Possible answers: If the animals die off, a precious aspect of the natural environment will be lost to future generations. Also, the loss of wildlife will have a negative economic impact, removing one of Africa’s major tourist attractions. A balance has to be established between human needs and protection of the environment. (pages 545–546) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2-19

Toward the Future People in Africa south of the Sahara are working to overcome the region’s social, political, and environmental challenges.  Rain forest protection has become a priority in the region. (page 547) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-20

Toward the Future (cont.) What do you think is the most hopeful sign for the future in Africa south of the Sahara? What may be the greatest threat to the region’s future? Possible answers: The region’s efforts to repair damage to the environment is probably the most hopeful sign. The AIDS epidemic is probably the greatest threat. (page 547) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2-21

Checking for Understanding Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. __ 1. the disappearance or end of a species of animal or plant __ 2. area with conditions suitable for certain plants or animals to live __ 3. tourism based on concern for the environment __ 4. illegal hunting of protected animals B A. habitat B. extinction C. poaching D. ecotourism A D C Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Section 2-22

Critical Thinking Decision Making List actions that governments in Africa south of the Sahara take to help eliminate hunger. Then arrange the items by order of importance and explain your reasoning. The governments in Africa south of the Sahara can end conflict, restore farmland, and set up feeding centers. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2-23

Critical Thinking Finding and Summarizing the Main Idea What is the central issue in the debate over the creation of game preserves? People disagree about whether scarce land should be set aside to protect endangered animals or to provide living and farming area for the region’s booming population. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2-24

Critical Thinking Problem Solving How would you encourage logging companies and governments to help prevent deforestation? Consider the advantages and disadvantages. Logging companies might be encouraged by explaining the economic consequences of deforestation. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2-25

Analyzing Maps Region Study this map of hunger in Africa. What countries in Africa south of the Sahara generally have the least problem with hunger? Nigeria, South Africa, and Mauritania have the least problem with hunger. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2-26

Applying Geography Global Issues Think about the challenges Africa south of the Sahara faces today. Choose one problem in the region that might have an impact on the rest of the world. Make a chart or diagram that explains why the problem is a global issue. Section 2-27

Close What are some positive developments in Africa south of the Sahara today? Section 2-28

End of Section 2

Section 1: Living in Africa South of the Sahara (pages 537–542)
Key Points Most people in Africa south of the Sahara engage in subsistence farming, and most countries in the region depend on the export of one or two cash crops.  Mineral resources are not evenly distributed across Africa south of the Sahara, causing economic imbalances among the region’s countries. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Chapter Summary 1

Section 1: Living in Africa South of the Sahara (pages 537–542)
Key Points Africa south of the Sahara has taken action to break its dependence on old trading patterns, and manufacturing is gaining strength in the economies of some countries in the region.  New transportation networks and new forms of communication are changing the lives of Africans south of the Sahara. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Chapter Summary 2

Section 2: People and Their Environment (pages 543–547)
Key Points Desertification, drought, and conflict have contributed to hunger in Africa south of the Sahara.  Deforestation, hunting, tourism, and meeting the basic needs of people are all issues in the debate over land use in the region.  Africans south of the Sahara are working toward political stability and economic independence in the twenty-first century. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Chapter Summary 3

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