1. PLANT ADAPTATION Adaptations

2. Adaptations of Hyprophytes(Aquatic Plants)
Challenges: Access to oxygen and sunlight might be limited
Adaptations
Leaves flat
Few stomata/stomata on upper epidermis only
Thin cuticle
Aerating roots that protrude above water
Large surface area to maximize light absorption
Stomata in contact with air- higher concentration of gases in air than in water
No need to produce a thicker cuticle if water is plentiful
Greater access to oxygen

3. Adaptations of Hyprophytes(Aquatic Plants)
Air spaces to circulate gases more efficiently
Air spaces to enable floatation of leaves
Diffusion is faster through air spaces than through cell cytosol
Airspaces may leaves more buoyant; floating on surface provides better access to light and gases

4. Xerophytes Plant adapted to living in hot dry habitats 2 Types
Succulents
eg. cacti
Sclerophylls
eg. eucalypts
Sclerophylls: hard leaved plants

5. Evading animals that will eat them to procure water
Challenges
Lack of water
Need to store water and reduce water loss
Need increased tolerance to dry conditions
Evading animals that will eat them to procure water
Need ways to protect themselves

6. Dry Habitat Ability of ‘stem’ to expand and hold water
Thick cuticle (waxy coating or thick epidermis
Hairs covering leaves
Sunken Stomata
Provides more capacity for storage of water
Reduces evaporative water loss across leaf surface
Increases humidity around stomata decreasing water vapour gradient and reducing rate of diffusion of water vapour from leaf.

7. Dry Habitat Small, reduced or absent leaves
Modified leaves; protective spines that point downward
decreases surface area to volume ratio across which evaporative water loss can occur
Reduces browsing
And damage by animals
Directs condensed water down to drip on roots

8. Dry Habitat CAM photosynthesis
Deep Tap root
Enables carbon dioxide to be taken up and stored at night when less water will be lost
Enables better uptake of water.

9. Adaptations of Halophytes
Halophytes are plants adapted to high levels of salt
Challenge: high levels of salt in habitat; salt needs to be excluded or removed
Adaptations
Salt glands
Shedding of leaves
Excretion of salt
Removal of leaves with high salt content

10. Mangrove Salt glands in mangrove Plants Lenticel in roots
Allow air in but not salt

11. Mangrove Root adaptations
Additional Challenges
Shifting water logged muddy soil
Adaptations
Pneumatophores
Aerial roots uptake of oxygen from air
Prop anchor and cable root
Stabilize and fix plant

12. Adaptations to Rain forest Low light and high rainfall
Mimosa plant leaf response

13. Adaptation to Poor Soil Quality
Insectivorous plant

14. Adaptation to fire Lignotubers: swellings at base of stem/trunk
Regeneration after shoot perishes
Epicormic bud
Tissue beneath bark in some trees from which new plant tissue grows following fire damage to bark