1. Unit 5- Ethics and Deviance

2. Contents
Types of Deviance Why does Deviance occur? Sportsmanship / Gamesmanship / Cheating Contract to compete Match Fixing Violence Hooliganism Drug Use Drug Use- Athletics Case Studies Combating Deviance Governing Bodies The Law WADA

3. Types of Deviance
Any behaviour which moves away from the perceived norm…
Positive Deviance
Without an intention to do harm or break the rules.
Someone who trains or plays so hard they injure themselves.
Someone who plays when injured
Accidentally injuring someone within the rules of the game
Negative Deviance
Behaves in a way that knowingly breaks the rules or ethics of the sport.
Using performance-enhancing drugs
Being bribed to influence the results
Illegal betting on the outcome
Fielding ineligible players
Always relative to the situation, punching someone during a boxing match is different to doing so in the street

4. Why does Deviance occur?
Individuals lacks the moral restraint to resist
Individuals value wining ahead of prospect of punishment
Rewards for winning are so great that people are prepared to risk it.
Deviant behaviour is more common so less socially unacceptable
Governing bodies feel less able to punish, owing to commercial interests or fear of being taken to court.

5. Sportsmanship / Gamesmanship / Cheating
Playing within both the rules and the etiquette of the sport
Gamesmanship
Playing within the rules but outside the etiquette of the sport “Bending rules”
Cheating
Playing outside the rules and therefore the etiquette of the sport
Fielding an ineligible player
Taking PEDs
Playing out of turn in golf
Ball Tampering
Sledging in Cricket
Appealing for a decision
Diving in football
“Refusing to walk” in Cricket
Match Fixing
Putting an opponent off at a free throw
Betting on Matches
Kicking the ball out for an injured opponent
“Clapping a Batsman in”

6. Contract to Compete Agreement between everyone involved with sport…
You strive to do your best- Otherwise you deprive opponents of achievement and spectators of getting what they paid for
You do not break the rules in a desire to win
You are expected to allow opponents a fair opportunity to win- taking of drugs or bribing an official
However...
Within the characteristics of the activity you can use all tactics, techniques etc. to prevent your opponent form beating you. (relative deviance

7. Match Fixing
Breaks the contract to compete and is normally associated with illegal betting
Stephen Lee- Snooker
Suspicious betting patterns and Guilty of “influencing” the result of 7 matches
Banned for 12 years
Hansie Cronje- Cricket
Given a lifetime ban in 2000, died in a “suspicious” plane crash in 2002
Nigerian FA- Football
Two teams needed to “a better result” to secure promotion won 79-0 and 67-0.
All 4 teams and officials given lifetime bans
Nikolay Davydenko- Tennis
Retired hurt in 3rd set and suspicious betting patterns were found, high profile Russian businessmen profited
Robert Hoyzer- Football
German 2nd division referee involved in £2 million scandal over several years.
Lifetime ban and spent over 2 years in prison
Pakistan- Cricket
4 players found guilty of “spot” fixing- Influencing the outcome of certain balls.
Some faced Prison sentences others banned form Cricket.
Tim Donaghy- Basketball
Basketball referee who influenced games for his won (and others) betting patterns.
Served 15 months in Prison
Calipoli Scandal- Football
Several top Italian Clubs influencing referee appointments
Juventus, Lazio and Fiorentina relegated
A.C Milan docked 15 points.
West Germany V Austria Football
West Germany needed a 1-0 win form both teams qualify from the group, they scored within 10 minutes and both teams just sat back. Technically didn’t break rules but forced change.

8. Violence Generally occurs in one of two ways… Spontaneous Outburst
Ronan O'Gara
Violence in Football- Video
Ron Artest
Generally occurs in one of two ways…
Spontaneous Outburst
Premeditated action
NGBS
Need to protect players
Want to avoid negative media
Want to avoid Police involvement
Managers/Coaches
“Responsible” for player conduct
Players
Responsible for their own actions
Moral and ethical code
Social learning

9. Hooliganism What ? Why ? Racist/Obscene chanting.
Fighting with other hooligan groups.
Vandalism and destruction of property.
Interference with match (pitch invasions etc).
Violence against non-hooligan groups.
Why ?
Ritualised behaviour- Rite of passage
Outlet for aggressive tendencies.
Tribal behaviour- Protecting their ‘turf’.
Reaction to ticket prices- Losing “their game”
Tension on the pitch- triggers a reaction by fans.
How is it countered?
Preventing known hooligans travelling to matches
Control of alcohol
Segregation of fans travelling to the game.
Introduction of all-seater stadium
Improved levels of stewarding and policing
Introduction of CCTV
Modern day face recognition software
Sharing of intelligence across the UK and abroad.
Not allowing players to gesture to the crowd
Fining clubs and playing games behind closed doors.

10. Modern day methods have become more sophisticated…
Drug Use
Been an issue throughout Sporting History- Even 776 B.C. when Ancient Greeks
First rule established against it in 1928 (International Association of Athletics- IAAF)
Increased in prevalence with the Professionalisation of Sport
Pressure to win
10th November 1999 World Anti Doping Agency (WADA) is established to co-ordinate the fight
Modern day methods have become more sophisticated…
Sport reflecting the technological and medical developments in society
Testing organisations are always one step behind

11. Drug Use- Athletics Case Studies
Ben Johnson (1988)
Stripped of his gold medal for testing positive to an anabolic steroid.
Originally banned for 2 years, later for life following a 2nd positive test in 1993
Ben Johnson, Seoul 1988
Diane Modahl (1994)
First British athlete to be charged and subsequently banned for 4 years.
One year later she was cleared as her samples weren’t handled correctly.
Unsuccessfully attempted to sue British Athletics over a 5 year period.
Dwain Chambers (2003)
Stripped of his Silver medal (along with relay team-mates) for testing positive.
Banned for 2 years from all competitions and given a lifetime Olympic Ban.
Competed at London 2012 after his ban was overturned by the Court of Arbitration.
Marion Jones (2007)
On retirement, admitted to doping before the 2000 Sydney Olympics
She is stripped of her 3 gold and 2 bronze medals and erased from all record books.
In 2008, she was sentenced to 6 months in prison for lying in court.
Justin Gatlin (2006)
Accepted an 8 year ban following a positive test, offered this over a lifetime ban due to his co-operation.
Claimed it had been due to a cream rubbed into his buttocks by a massage therapist
Returned to the sport in 2010.
Russia (2008)
7 female athletes found guilty of doping following a 16 month sting operation
Russia (2015-Present)
Investigation confirmed “widespread orchestrated cheating” throughout their Olympic programme and evidence was hidden by a Moscow laboratory.

12. Drug Use- Contemporary Case Studies
Lance Armstrong Maria Sharapova

13. Links…
(Drugs Timeline)
(100% me)
(Catch me if you can)
(Ethics Podcast)
74&index=4 (Contract to compete)
U_Hxx84Ae74 (Sport and the law)