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CH. 13 THE UNION IN PERIL STUDENT NOTES.

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1 CH. 13 THE UNION IN PERIL STUDENT NOTES

2 ELECTION OF 1848 Slavery? What’s that??? DEMOCRATS
Lewis Cass of Michigan Popular Sovereignty WHIGS War hero Zachary Taylor – NO political record Lack of clarity and dissatisfaction led to rise of Free-Soil Party MVB Combo of Liberty Party, antislavery Whigs and Dems Endorsed Wilmot Proviso Protect “the cause and rights of the free white man”

3 Free-Soil Party “Free Soil” “Free Speech” “Free Labor & Free men”
Federal homestead act for free (or cheap) land in west for settlers “Free Speech” Opposed attacks on abolitionists “Free Labor & Free men” Opposed any further spread of slavery into west Believed that slavery would fade away

4 GOLD MANIA 1848 CA population: 14,000 1852 CA population: 220,000
“Forty-niners” – CA migrants (95% men) Goal: find gold and leave Reality: CA flourished as new settlement Grew fast and volatile – needed statehood to stop lawlessness Constitution written WITHOUT SLAVERY

5 COMPROMISE OF 1850 Henry Clay (obvs) (1) CA enters as free
(2) MX lands form territorial gov (NM and UT) Popular sovereignty (3) Pay off TX debt from revolution; federal gov deal with border (4) slave trade abolished in DC (5) New, enforced, Fugitive Slave Act Prevented war through compromise Northern Whigs and Southern Democrats AGAINST

6 FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW All runaway slaves had to be returned to owners
Illegal to aid a runway slave Accused runaways denied a jury trial; judge decides fate INFURIATED abolitionists National problem

7 Sectionalism & Compromise to 1850
Constitutional Convention 3/5 Compromise Slave trade compromise Early Republic Formation of first two political parties First Nullification Crisis (Alien & Sedition Acts) Hartford Convention (War of 1812) Missouri Compromise of 1820 (36°30’ line) Jacksonian Era Second Nullification Crisis (Tariff of Abominations of 1828, Force Bill & Compromise Tariff of 1833) Jackson’s Bank War (“pet banks”) Disagreements over federal funding of internal improvements (roads & canals) Manifest Destiny Texas Annexation Mexican War “Spotty Lincoln” Thoreau’s Civil Disobedience Wilmot Proviso Compromise of 1850 California (free state) Slave trade banned in D.C. New fugitive slave act Popular sovereignty in S.W.

8 OLD GUARDS NEW GUARDS Henry Clay – proposed compromise John C. Calhoun – Southern equality; constitutional amendment Daniel Webster – supported Clay “I wish to speak today not as a Mass man, nor as a Northern man, but as an American. I speak today for the preservation of Union. Hear me for my cause.” William H. Seward (NY) – “higher law” against compromise Jefferson Davis (MI) – cotton south – economic interest Stephen A. Douglas (IL) – broke up Comp. into separate bills and got it passed

9 Daniel Webster Believed first and foremost in national unity
“Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable” Criticized Federalist secessionists during War of 1812 Opposed Calhoun and Hayne during nullification crisis Prosecuted northern violators of the Fugitive Slave Act

10 Henry Clay’s Compromises
Missouri Compromise, 1820 Settled issue of slavery in Louisiana Purchase Tariff Compromise, 1833 Ended S.C. Nullification Crisis Compromise of 1850 Settled issue of slavery in Mexican Cession

11 Clay's headstone reads: "I know no North—no South—no East—no West."
April 12, 1777 – June 29, 1852

12 John C. Calhoun Vigorous defender of slavery and states’ rights
Backed down from tariff crisis of Opposed Compromise of 1850

13 UNDERGROUND RAILROAD An informal network of abolitionists (mostly free African Americans in the North) guided fugitive slaves across the Canadian border to safety Hariett Tubman ( ) helped slaves to elude capture by hiding them at safe houses and other secret places

14 Underground Railroad Up to 100,000 fugitive slaves escaped from south, sometimes continuing on to Canada Activity increased dramatically during 1850s

15 UNCLE TOM’S CABIN Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852 by Harriet Beecher Stowe
"So you're the little woman who wrote the book that made this big war.” – Lincoln about Stowe Abolitionist propaganda - Emphasized the cruelty of Southern slavery, increasing sectional tensions in the US copies were sold within the first year North: increased abolitionism South: increased hostility

16 Hinton R. Helper The Impending Crisis of the South, 1857 Southerner
Argued that slavery was detrimental to the south Slaveholders oppressed poor whites as well as blacks Plantation system stymied economic development

17 ELECTION OF 1852 This is a good one… DEMOCRATS
Obscure NH politician Franklin Pierce Southern sympathizer, expansionist Supported Comp of 1850 (esp. Fugitive Slave Law) "We Polked you in 1844; we shall Pierce you in 1852!" WHIGS No more Henry Clay :-( General Winfield Scott – no stance on Compromise of 1850….really?!?!

18 PIERCE’S MANIFEST DESTINY
“Young America” Ostend Manifesto – private document b/t American ministers in Europe agreeing to use force against Spain if they refuse to sell Cuba to US (1854) Leaked to public – infuriated northern abolitionists

19 PIERCE’S MANIFEST DESTINY
Gadsden Purchase - $10 mil purchase for RR (1853)

20 KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT AKA the CLUSTERF*@# of the 1850s
North: West unorganized – sought RR South: expansion of slavery (bound by MC) Stephen Douglas 1854 1) Organized two new territories: KA and NE 2) REPEALED MC - :-0 Henry Clay turning over in his grave! 3) Slavery determined by popular sovereignty Killed 2nd party system – no northern Whigs in HOR voted in favor Dem, Whigs, Free-Soilers opposed formed REPUBLICAN PARTY

21 “BLEEDING KANSAS” 1855 – votes for territorial legislature – majority NOT legal voters, most traveling Missourians 2 governments emerged: 1) pro-slavery; 2) anti-slavery Pierce sided with pro-slavery Pottawatomi Creek: John Brown brutally murdered slave defenders = Pottawatomie massacre

22 LECOMPTON CONSTITUTION
Result of “Bleeding Kansas” 2 gov’ts: Lecompton and Topeka Lecompton Constitution – favored slavery in KA Buch endorsed Douglas did NOT Divided Democratic Party

23 BROOKS/SUMNER AFFAIR Critique of Senator Andrew Butler, SC
1856 Charles Sumner, MA speech “The Crime Against Kansas” – opponent of slavery Critique of Senator Andrew Butler, SC “chosen a mistress…is always lovely to him…the harlot slavery.” Enraged nephew, Preston Brooks, SC HoR Beat him in Senate chamber Sumner – martyr of North Brooks – southern hero Represented deep antagonism b/t N and S

24 ELECTION OF 1856 DEMOCRATS James Buchanan, PA 40 yr. Political career
Minister to England most of 1850’s No enemies; supporter of pop sov REPUBLICANS Denounced K-N Act; internal improvements; anti-slavery “Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men” John C. Fremont – western explorer; no political record Know-Nothing – nominate Millard Fillmore

25 DRED SCOTT DECISION Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
Scott property of army surgeon – traveled to free states Sued for freedom on claims he was a resident in free territory Circuit court – free Sanford – bro-in-law to owner appealed to state SC, reversed decision Scott appealed to SCOTUS Chief Justice Roger Taney African Americans were NOT citizens and therefore had NO Constitutional rights Nullified Missouri Compromise = unconstitutional :-O

26 Chief Justice Roger B. Taney
Succeeded John Marshall Southern Jacksonian Democrat Decisions Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857 Opposed Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus during Civil War

27 Stephen Douglas on Slavery
“Popular sovereignty” Architect of the Kansas-Nebraska Act Freeport Doctrine claimed that popular sovereignty would not necessarily lead to spread of slavery Accused Lincoln of being a radical abolitionist and support of black equality

28 Abraham Lincoln on Slavery
Gradualist, not abolitionist “Spotty Lincoln” opposed Mexican War Opposed Kansas-Nebraska Act, Dred Scott decision and any further expansion of slavery Believed slavery threatened unity: “A house divided against itself cannot stand” Changed his stance during Civil War Emancipation Proclamation 13th Amendment

29 MIDTERM OF 1858 Midterm elections determine members of House and Senate aka Congress (in between presidential election) Abraham Lincoln leading Republican in IL v. Douglas leading N. Dem. Debate across IL Freeport Doctrine- popular sovereignty could NOT exist w/ Dred Scott decision – BUT people could legislate in favor or against slavery Outcome Douglas won Lincoln established reputation as a star in the Republican Party

30 ELECTION OF 1860 THIS IS THE KEY ELECTION!!! DEMOCRATS – Divided!!!
Consequences determined fate of nation DEMOCRATS – Divided!!! Northern Democrats Popular sovereignty – Stephen A. Douglas Southern Democrats Slavery-John C. Breckinridge (Kentucky) REPUBLICANS Abraham Lincoln CONSTITUTIONAL UNION PARTY Effort to transcend sectionalism (nat’l platform) John Bell (TN) “The Union, the Constitution, and the Enforcement of the Laws”

31 “FIRE-EATERS” INFLAMED
Charleston, Dec – legislature called for convention – voted to secede (leave the union) b/c Lincoln elected 6 more over 2 months: Miss., FL, AL, GA, LA, TX – eventually 11 total After Fort Sumter (VA, NC, TN, Ark) All met in Montgomery, AL formed the Confederate States of America President – Jefferson Davis Buchanan did nothing…Lincoln waited until March inauguration No reason for war…yet

32 Southern View of Lincoln
“For twenty-five years this agitation has been steadily increasing, until it has now secured to its aid the power of the common Government… [A] sectional party has found… the means of subverting the Constitution itself. A geographical line has been drawn across the Union, and all the States north of that line have united in the election of a man to the high office of President of the United States, whose opinions and purposes are hostile to slavery. He is to be entrusted with the administration of the common Government, because he has declared that that ‘Government cannot endure permanently half slave, half free,’ and that the public mind must rest in the belief that slavery is in the course of ultimate extinction…” -South Carolina Declaration of Causes, 1860

33 STAGE SET FOR WAR… Senator James Crittenden (KY) proposed Crittenden Amendments Appease the south Re-enact Missouri Compromise line: North free; South slave Acquire Cuba for slavery Lincoln, and republicans reject – completely opposed platform

34 The Election of 1860 & Secession
November 1860 Highly sectional presidential election North: Lincoln (Republican) Parts of the west: Douglas (Northern Democrat) Deep south: Breckenridge (Southern Democrat) Upper south: Bell (Constitutional Union) December 1860 South believed Lincoln was an abolitionist Lame duck Buchanan took no action Failed Crittenden Compromise Secession of South Carolina January-February 1861 Remainder of deep south seceded March 1861 Lincoln’s inauguration April 1861 South Carolina attacked Fort Sumter Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers Upper south seceded Civil War began

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