1. Genetics

2. Gregor Mendel Father of genetics
Figured out mathematical formula to find inheritable patterns.

3. The Fugates French immigrant, Martin Fugate, moved to Kentucky in 1820
Married Elizabeth Smith and settled in the banks of Troublesome Creek
They had 8 children, 4 were blue.

4. The Fugates
From 1820 to 1930s, the family lived in relative isolation and marrying their relatives and/or other families close by, which included the Smiths, Combs, Ritchie, and Stacy.
“Kissing cousins”

5. The Fugates
It was not until 1962 when Luke Comb brought his ailing wife to the University of Kentucky Medical Center in Lexington that allowed doctors to research this odd disorder.

6. The Pedigree Chart

7. Terms Set-up Term Complementary Term Acquired- Inherited- Autosomal-
Sex-linked-
Homozygous-
Heterozygous-
Dominant-
Recessive-
Genotype-
Phenotype-
Gene-
Allele-
Codominance-
Incomplete-
Monohybrid
Dihybrid
Chromosome
Karyotype
Meiosis
Gamete
Homologous Pairs
Independent Assortment
Diploid
Haploid
Crossing over
Nondisjunction
Chromatid
Centromere

8. Terms Acquired vs Inherited traits
Acquired cannot inherit. Example: knowledge, calluses on fingers, larger muscles from exercising.
Inherited is passed on through generations. However, the physical characteristic can skip generations. Example: hair color, stripes, eye color.

9. Terms Autosomal vs Sex-linked Autosomal - chromosome 1-22
Sex-linked - involving sex chromosome (#23)
23 pairs of chromosomes in humans
22 are automsomal, 1 is sex
Karyotype

10. Examples
Sex-linked diseases:
hair loss
Autosomal:
Down syndrome

11. More terms… Gene - molecular unit of heredity in a living organism.
Allele - 1 of 2 form of genes

12. More terms… Heterozygous vs Homozygous
Heterozygous - receiving different alleles from parents (example: Bb)
Homozygous - receiving same alleles from parents (example: BB or bb)

13. More terms… Dominant vs recessive
Dominant - a genetic trait is considered dominant if it is expressed in a person who has only one copy of that gene (example: BB or Bb)
Recessive - the recessive form is overpowered by its counterpart, or dominant, form located on the other of a pair of chromosomes (example: bb)

14. More terms… Genotype vs Phenotype Genotype - genetic makeup
Phenotype - observable traits

15. Codominance vs incomplete dominance
Codominance - both alleles show up in phenotype. i.e. blood. A, B, AB, O
Incomplete - two different phenotypes produce a third phenotype

16. Genes and alleles B(dominant), b(recessive) - these are alleles
Gene types
BB = normal (both dominants)
Bb = normal phenotype (recessive carrier)
bb = blue (both recessive)

17. The Family Tree/Pedigree Chart
Your challenge is to determine the genotypes of each individual on the family tree.
If B stands for the normal gene and b for the "blue" gene, BB and Bb are normal and bb is "blue," write the genotypes for the individuals in the pedigree. If it is impossible to tell if the second gene is dominant or recessive, use a?.
Martin Fugate _____
Elizabeth Smith _____
Zachariah Fugate _____
Levy Fugate    _____
“a Ritchie”         _____
Luna Fugate         _____
John Stacy       _____
Alva Stacy          _____
Hilda ????            _____
Benjy Stacy   _____ 2 1 3 4 5 7 6 8 9 10

18. PUNNETT SQUARE TIME!!! Martin Fugate (Bb) Elizabeth Smith (Bb)
(work on probability)

19. Solution

21. Mutations are a good thing !!!!!
Most of them are deadly and hurt or kill individuals, BUT random chance allows positive mutations to better survive, adapt, reproduce, and allow a species to exist.
Example: 10% of white Europeans are immuned to HIV. There was a mutation that occurred with those that survived the Bubonic Plague (Black Death) in 1330s

22. The Fugates
It turns out they have a rare genetic disorder called methemoglobinemia.
Methemoglobin is a blue form of the red hemoglobin that carries oxygen.
The blood in many of the descendants of the Fugates had accumulated so much blue molecule, turning them blue.

23. The Fugates
After research and investigation by Dr. Cawein, a hematologist, he found that by giving methylene blue pills, it turned blue people pink.