1. Bioenergetics & Ex’s Metabolism
Mr. Chandrasekar.L PHT 316 – 1435 – 1436 – 2nd Sem

2. LECTURE OUTLINE
This lecture deals about energy & metabolism following sub-categories;
1. Micro-nutritions
2. Energy – Nutrients; Bioenergetics
3. Exercise metabolism
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

3. LECTURE OUTCOME Source of energy Nutrition – Macro & Micro nutrition
After completing this chapter, the student therapist should be able to know the following:
Source of energy
Nutrition – Macro & Micro nutrition
Bioenergetics
Metabolism – Anabolism, catabolism
Energy
Energy transfer
Different types of energy system
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

4. Energy
Energy is the key factor in all physiologic processes in the body.
To maintain the functional integrity of the body, expended energy must be replenished and fundamental materials that are lost must be replaced.
Food provides the body with the energy to perform work as well as the materials necessary to build and repair tissues.
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

5. Nutrients: Building Blocks of Energy
To study the physiology of exercise, one also needs a basic understanding of nutrition.
Substances obtained from food that are used for growth, maintenance, and repair of tissues are called nutrients.
The last three nutrients— vitamins, minerals, and water —do not provide the body with energy, but they are necessary to assist the body in utilizing the energy from fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

6. Bomb calorimeter
when the food source is consumed in a bomb calorimeter, a device used to measure the heat energy given off when a food product is completely burned (measured in kcal).
A calorie is defined as the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius, from 14.5◦C to 15.5◦C.
Heat of Combustion The heat liberated by the burning or oxidation of food in a bomb calorimeter represents its heat of combustion (total energy value of the food).
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

7. PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

8. Micronutrients: Facilitators of Energy Transfer and Tissue Synthesis
VITAMINS - the body requires these essential organic substances in minute amounts to perform highly specific metabolic functions.
fat-soluble (vitamins A, D, E, and K) or
water-soluble (vitamin C and the B-complex vitamins: vitamin B6 [pyridoxine], vitamin B1 [thiamin], vitamin B2 [riboflavin], niaci [nicotinic acid], pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid, and vitamin B12 [cobalamin]).
Vitamins are classified a either;
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

9. PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

10. Vitamins and Exercise Performance
Vitamins play key roles as coenzymes to regulate energy yielding reactions during carbohydrate, fat, and protein catabolism.
They also contribute to hemoglobin synthesis and red blood cell production.
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

11. PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

12. MINERALS - metallic element
Major minerals are required in amounts 100 mg daily or above.
Trace minerals are those required in amounts 100 mg a day or below, and
1. Provide structure in forming bones and teeth.
2. Help to maintain normal heart rhythm, muscle contractility, neural conductivity, and acid–base balance.
3. Help to regulate cellular metabolism by becoming part of enzymes and hormones that modulate cellular activity.
Role of Minerals
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

13. PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

14. PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

15. PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

16. WATER IN THE BODY
Age, gender, and body composition influence an individual’s body water content, which can range from 40% to 70% of total body mass.
Water constitutes 72% of muscle weight and approximately 50% of the weight of body fat (adipose tissue).
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

17. Functions of water
1. Provides the body’s transport and reactive medium.
2. Diffusion of gases occurs across moist body surfaces.
3. Waste products leave the body through the water in urine and feces.
4. Absorbs considerable heat with only minimal changes in temperature from its heat-stabilizing qualities.
5. Watery fluids lubricate joints, keeping bone surfaces from grinding against each other.
6. Being noncompressible, water provides structure and form through the turgor it imparts to the body’s tissues.
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

18. PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

19. PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

20. Clinical Implications
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

21. PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

22. PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

23. PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

24. PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

25. PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

26. Fundamentals of Energy & Transfer
The study of energy is necessary for a review of exercise physiology because the basis of all movement involves cellular bioenergetic processes that power muscular contractions.
Bioenergetics is the science that studies energy exchange events in living things.
In the body, chemical energy stored within the bonds of macronutrients does not immediately dissipate as heat during energy metabolism. Instead, a large portion remains as chemical energy, which the musculoskeletal system then changes into mechanical energy and then ultimately to heat energy.
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

27. Fundamentals of Energy & Transfer
Knowledge about human bioenergetics provides the practical basis for
formulating sport-specific exercise training regimens,
recommending activities for physical fitness and weight control, and
advocating prudent dietary modifications for specific sport requirements.
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

28. Fundamentals of Energy & Transfer
The first law of thermodynamics one of the most important principles related to biologic work, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed; rather, it is transformed from one form to another without being depleted. (conservation of energy.)
Energy intake (food consumption) = Energy output(work heat) + Energy stored (as fat)
In a practical sense, the average overweight individual is all too familiar with this principle. Examining the equation closer, we can readily see the first law in action. If energy
intake exceeds energy output, the result is a transformation of the energy originally in the food to the chief storage form of energy in our body—fat. In this example, energy has been conserved in the form of energy-rich matter, but new energy has not been created. Likewise, a power plant does not create energy; it merely transforms energy from one form (fossil fuel) to another (electricity). If you want to lose weight, you have to convert stored energy (fat) to heat and mechanical energy (work). Losing weight is a matter of losing excess energy.
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

29. Fundamentals of Energy & Transfer
The body’s capacity to extract energy from food nutrients and transfer it to the contractile elements in skeletal muscle determines our capacity to move.
W = f d – where, W = work, f = force, d = displacement (or distance).
Energy transfer occurs through thousands of complex chemical reactions that require the proper mixture of macro- and micronutrients continually fueled by oxygen.
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

30. Fundamentals of Energy & Transfer
The term aerobic describes such oxygen-requiring energy reactions.
In contrast, anaerobic chemical reactions generate energy rapidly from chemical reactions that do not require oxygen.
The anaerobic and aerobic breakdown of ingested food nutrients provides the energy source for synthesizing the chemical fuel that powers all forms of biologic work.
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

31. BIOLOGIC WORK IN HUMANS
1. Mechanical work of muscle contraction.
2. Chemical work that synthesizes cellular molecules.
3. Transport work that concentrates various substances in the intracellular and extracellular fluids
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

32. PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

33. Definition of Energy
Energy can be defined as an ability to perform work or an ability to cause change.
Potential energy (PE) is stored energy.
Kinetic energy (KE) is found whenever an object with mass has velocity.
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

34. Biologic system – Energy carrier
In the case of biologic systems, the coupling that occurs in the cells is designed to facilitate movement through the constant resupply of important energy carrier molecules— the high-energy phosphates, of which adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the most important.
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

35. Life’s Currency: ATP
The energy held within these substrates (Carbohydrates, fats & proteins) is instead directly utilized to resynthesize the molecule ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
Subsequently, it is ATP that provides the energy that allows cells to perform work.
At any moment the total amount of ATP within a muscle cell for example contains a rather meager supply, about 5.7 mmol of ATP per kilogram of fresh muscle.
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

36. A molecule of ATP (C10H16N5O13P3).
In fact, less then 10 g of ATP is contained within the whole human body at any given moment.
ATP resynthesizes via the aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways is a continuous, industrious, and life- engaging task.
A molecule of ATP (C10H16N5O13P3).
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

37. PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

38. PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

39. Metabolism
Metabolism (from the Greek word meaning “change”) is defined as the sum total of all the chemical reactions that take place in the cells.
Anabolism and catabolism, the two components of metabolism, are related to each other through energy coupling.
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

40. Metabolic pathways
These are controlled by enzymes in step by- step sequences in which the product of one reaction becomes the starting point (substrate) for another.
The chemical reactions of metabolism either absorb or release energy.
For example, the complete breakdown of glucose in a cell releases energy as ATP (available to do work) and heat (unavailable to do work).
The chemical equation below demonstrates this simple concept:
Glucose + O2⇔CO2+H2O+ATP+Heat.
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

41. Factors affecting bioenergetics
Enzymes
Enzymes reaction rate
Enzyme mode of action and
Coenzymes
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

42. PHOSPHOCREATINE: ENERGY RESERVOIR
The hydrolysis of a phosphate from another intracellular high-energy phosphate compound—phosphocreatine (PCr) (also known as creatine phosphate [CP]), provides some energy for ATP resynthesize.
PCr, similar to ATP, releases a large amount of energy when the bond splits between the creatine and phosphate molecules.
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

43. PHOSPHOCREATINE: ENERGY RESERVOIR
The hydrolysis of PCr begins at the onset of intense exercise, does not require oxygen, and reaches a maximum in about 8 to 12 seconds.
Thus, PCr can be considered a “reservoir” of high- energy phosphate bonds.
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

44. Cells store PCr in considerably larger quantities than ATP.
Mobilization of PCr for energy takes place almost instantaneously and does not require oxygen. Interestingly, the concentration of ADP in the cell stimulates the activity level of creatine kinase, the enzyme that facilitates PCr breakdown to Cr and ATP.
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

45. INTRAMUSCULAR HIGH-ENERGY PHOSPHATES
The energy released from ATP and PCr breakdown within muscle can sustain all-out running, cycling, or swimming for 5 to 8 seconds.
In almost all sports, the energy transfer capacity of the ATP-PCr high-energy phosphates (termed the “immediate energy system”) plays a crucial role in success or failure of some phase of performance.
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

46. Identifying Energy Sources is Important
Identifying the predominant source(s) of energy required for a particular sport or activities of daily living provides the basis for an effective exercise training program. Football and baseball, for example, require a high- energy output for only brief time periods.
These performances rely almost exclusively on energy transfer from the intramuscular high-energy phosphates. Developing this immediate energy system becomes important when training to improve performance in movements of brief duration.
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

47. PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

48. CARBOHYDRATE ENERGY RELEASE
Carbohydrate represents the only macronutrient whose potential energy generates ATP aerobically and anaerobically.
This becomes important in vigorous exercise that requires rapid energy release above levels supplied by aerobic metabolic reactions.
During light and moderate aerobic exercise, carbohydrate supplies about half of the body’s energy requirements.
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

49. Processing fat through the metabolic mill for energy requires some carbohydrate catabolism.
Aerobic breakdown of carbohydrate for energy occurs at about twice the rate as energy generated from lipid breakdown. (Thus, depleting glycogen reserves reduces exercise power output. In prolonged, high intensity, aerobic exercise, such as marathon running, athletes often experience nutrient related fatigue, a state associated with muscle and liver glycogen depletion.)
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

50. Anaerobic (fast) glycolysis – Electron transport
The central nervous system requires an uninterrupted stream of carbohydrates to function optimally.
Anaerobic (fast) glycolysis – Electron transport
Aerobic (slow) glycolysis – Kerbs cycle
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

51. PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

52. PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

53. PHT 316 - Unit - 2 - 1435 - 1436 - 2nd Sem 9/21/2018 6:12 AM
Figure 5.20 A net yield of 32 ATPs from energy transfer during the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule in glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport.
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

54. PHT 316 - Unit - 2 - 1435 - 1436 - 2nd Sem 9/21/2018 6:12 AM
Figure 5.21 Breakdown of glycerol and fatty acid fragments of a
triacylglycerol molecule. Glycerol enters the energy pathways of glycolysis. The fatty acid fragments enter the citric acid cycle via -oxidation. The electron transport chain processes the released hydrogens from glycolysis, -oxidation, and citric acid cycle
metabolism to yield ATP.
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

55. PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

56. ENERGY RELEASE FROM PROTEIN
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

57. Figure 5.25 The “metabolic mill.”
Important inter conversions between carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

58. Self study topics – Home work
Sources & functions of the vitamins
Sources & functions of the minerals
Electron transport
Kerbs cycle
Phosphorylation
Cellular oxidation
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

59. Home work – SUMMARY KNOWLEDGE
What is the physiologic energy value for one g of carbohydrate, fat, or protein?
What is the general role of vitamins in the body?
Are trace minerals any less important physiologically than major minerals? Why or why not?
Which minerals serve primarily metabolic functions and which serve primarily regulatory and structural functions?
Why is water the most critical nutrient of all?
Describe how the balance of water in the body changes during exercise.
Describe the six food groups in the Food Guide Pyramid.
What are the ABCs for health, and how do they relate to the Food Guide Pyramid?
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

60. Home work – SUMMARY KNOWLEDGE
Define calorie?
List the types of vitamins?
Role of water in the body?
What are all the signs & symptoms of heat cramps, heat stroke, heat syncope & heat exhaustion?
Describe the nutritional guidelines for general population?
Why the study of energy is important in exercise physiology?
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

61. Home work – SUMMARY KNOWLEDGE
Define bioenergetics?
Why to know bioenergetics in exercise physiology?
Define the first & second law of thermodynamics?
Explain aerobic & anaerobic breakdown?
How would you categorize the biology of work in human?
Define energy & its types?
Explain energy carrier in biologic system?
Explain ATP & its role in human system?
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

62. Home work – SUMMARY KNOWLEDGE
Define metabolism & its types?
Describe metabolic pathways?
List the factors affecting bioenergetics?
Explain energy reservoir?
Explain different energy systems with a suitable example?
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM

63. Useful web sites www.sportsnutritionsociety.org www.acsm.org
/ucm htmtwoparts
PHT Unit nd Sem
9/21/2018 6:12 AM