1. The Creation of Nation-States
Big Changes in
19th Century Europe

2. Mid - Late 1800s Big Ideas
1848 revolts collapsed >> Conservative ↑↑
Crimean War ends Concert of Europe & spurs instability and change
Italian unification by war & diplomacy
German unification by war, led by OVB
Changes in Austria, France & Russia
Victorian Age of GB: Disraeli & Gladstone
Ireland ??

3. Ottoman Empire at its “MAX”

4. Crimean War (1853 – 56) Root Causes Realities Outcomes
R expansion v. GB trade
Holy Places Q = F v. R
Realities
R occupies OE lands
OE / GB / F vs. R
Bloody, Poorly fought
Outcomes
Ends Concert of Europe
R loses land & prestige / Black Sea
Political Instability

5. Crimea >> Ottoman Empire Reforms
Hatti-I Sharif >> Tanzimat (reform) Era
More Legal Equality
Hatti-i Hϋmayun
Euro ideas in OE
Equal rights / duty
Power struggles
Balkan Wars 1870s
Lost Land >> modernization
Rise of Young Turks 1908
↑↑ Secularization divides / weakens OE

6. Italian Unification… in phases
Romantic Republicans
Ineffective secret societies 1830s-40s
Carbonari (N) = Middle Class
No peasant support
Giuseppe Mazzini = Young Italy
Poor, Republican, anti-RCC
Guerilla Warfare >> fear!
Moderates seek Papal Leadership 1848
Pope Pius IX … failed Roman Republic 
Leadership vacuum… now what?

7. Italian Unification Machiavellian Style
Camillo Cavour ($)
PM Piedmont
Economic Nationalism
Piedmont v. Austria
Supports F / GB in Crimea
Def. Austria = Land
Sardinia-Piedmont controls N. Italy… next?

8. Italian Unification… final phases
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Red Shirts… rebels!
Sicily >> Naples
Unification
Sicily + Naples + P-S = Italy!
King Victor Emmanuel II
Venice + Rome… join
Realities… Transformismo = corruption
N =$$, modern, industry
S = poor, backward, rural

9. The German “Problem” 1850s Who is to rule the German speaking peoples?
“Kleindeutsch” v.
“Grossdeutsch” solutions
Prussia? Austria?
Prussia
German
Confed.
Austria

10. German Unification 1848 unification attempts by liberals failed
Zollverein = trade union G together $$
Otto von Bismarck = Prussian Chancellor
Conservative
Unify by eliminating Austrian influence
Provoked WAR to unify: “Kleindeutsch”
Danish War: A+P v D >> Schleswig- Holstein
Austro-Prussian War >> Treaty of Prague
Annexes northern kingdoms
Franco-Prussian War… Pr + southern German States v F >> Alsace
Germany! OVB 1st Chancellor of 2nd Reich

11. Germany Created 1871!

12. Changes in France… again!
Empire >> Liberal Republic
Paris Commune… 1871 riots
Some liberals want Paris to separate
Occupied by Prussia
New National Assembly >> rd Republic 1873

13. Controversy in France Dreyfus Affair Rising Anti-semitism
Alfred Dreyfus accused as a traitor
Corrupt trial >> guilty!
Rising Anti-semitism
Public outrage over corruption = division!
Emile Zola “J’Accuse”
T. Herzl + Zionism

14. Hapsburg Austria 1800s

15. Changes in Habsburg Austria
Multi-ethnic Austrian Empire
Magyars (Hungarians) seek recognition & power
Emperor tries to change… Magyars reject changes…
Austrian defeats >> concessions lead to dual kingdom (A – H)
Other minorities (Czech, Slovaks, etc.) want change, rejected by A
↑↑ Discontent inside the empire

16. Changes in Russia
Russia behind, no industrialism… Crimean War = exposed, lost prestige abroad & at home >> “Autocratic absolutism…”
Alexander II >> reformer… Emancipation of serfs 1861… new courts, limited freedoms ∆s in military…assassinated 
Alexander III >> oppressive, autocratic… secret police, limited freedom of press…

17. Changes in Great Britain
Parliamentary Monarchy… liberal or conservative?
Queen Victoria… Victorian England… Etiquette, Empire
Reforms… 2nd Reform Act = increase suffrage
Benjamin Disraeli…conservative
William Gladstone… liberal
Irish Question… home rule?