1. Asexual Reproduction
Name the two ways: sex and asex

2. Vocabulary Binary fission Spore Cell cycle Vegetative propagation
Budding
clone

3. Recall Asexual Reproduction:
offspring come from a single parent
Each offspring receives a copy of the parent’s genetic material.
 Offspring are genetically identical to the parent and to each other.

4. What are different ways that living things reproduce asexually?

5. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes both use Asexual Reproduction
Prokaryotic organisms (prokaryotes) are simple, single celled organisms that do not contain a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle.
Eg. Bacteria
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus. Eukaryotes can be single-celled or multi-celled.
Eg amoebas, paramecium, yeast, plants, fungi, insects, animals

6. All Eukaryotic cells reproduce by the cell cycle
Cell Cycle is a series of events in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) to produce two daughter cells.
Cell cycle is made up of two stages:
Growth and development stage (interphase)
Cell division stage (mitosis and cytokinesis)
Cells reproduce to replace damaged cells and essential part of life cycle. (producing offspring for single celled ameba.

7. The Cell Cycle Consists of Three Main Stages:
1. Interphase: Growth and development stage.
Cell grows and prepares for division by coping its DNA and organelles
Cell division stage involves:
2. Mitosis -DNA is distributed between two new daughter cells
3. Cytokinesis – the two new daughter cells separate.
Cell reproduction by mitosis results in daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell.

8. Interphase The cell grows and the number of organelles increases.
The DNA in the nucleus is copied

9. Phase 1 of Mitosis: Prophase
The nuclear membrane begins to disappear.
DNA condenses into duplicated chromosomes. Each contains two copies of the same DNA

10. Phase 2 of mitosis: Metaphase
Structures called spindle fibres guide chromosomes movement.
Chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell

11. Phase 3 of mitosis: Anaphase
The copies of DNA are separated and go to each end of the cell.

12. Chromatid vs Chromosome

13. Phase 4 of mitosis: Telophase
Two nuclei form and each nucleus contains a complete coy of the cell’s DNA

14. Cytokinesis
The cytoplasm and organelles are divided, and two separate cells form.
The cells then begin interphase

15. Ameoba Sisters video on mitosis
Exit Slip: 
1. How do the traits of the parent and offspring compare to each other in asexual reproduction?  2. What are the benefits and limitations of single-celled organisms that undergo the process of asexual reproduction?3. Humans are constantly shedding dead skin cells.  How do we replace them? 4. An old sequoia tree weighs any tons and has billions of cells.  These trees start out as tiny seeds.  How do these trees become so large?

18. Check your understanding
What happens to the DNA in a cell during interphase? Why is this step important for the reproduction process?
In two or three sentences, describe what the cell cycle is.
1. DNa is copied

20. Onion Cell

21. Different forms of Asexual Reproduction
Binary Fission
Budding
Spores
Fragmentation
Vegetative propagation

22. Bacteria reproduce by binary fission
Process by which a parent cell produces two identical cells called daughter cells.
The daughter cells contain the same DNA.
Prokaryotic
Time for bacteris to double is called doubling time. Most bacteria is 20-30min. So small colony can reach millions in right conditions. What conditions?

23. Bacteria are all around us

24. Doubling Time
After each cycle of binary fission, the number of cells doubles.
The time for many bacteria to double (called doubling time) is minutes, so a small population can grow quickly to millions under the right conditions.
What conditions do you think affect bacterial growth, and how do they affect it?

25. Check your understanding
1. What key piece of evidence tells you that bacteria reproduce asexually? 2. Define Binary Fission
Binary fission – a type of asexual repro process by which a celel splits into two daughter cells that have identical genetic information (DNA)

26. Budding
Offspring begins as a small growth on the parent, called a bud.
Bud grows by cell division before breaking off from parent. Eg. Yeasts are unicellular eukaryotes too small to be seen without a microscope
Yeast is a microbe used in food products such as dough for pizza and bread, pretzels, soy sauce, cheese,
and vinegar.
Because yeast are eukaryotes,
their reproduction involves the cell
cycle
Hydra also use budding

27. Check your understanding
In what ways is reproduction in yeast and bacteria similar? In what ways is it different?
Why is a daughter yeast cell identical to the parent cell?

28. Activity: Yeast Budding

29. Spore formation
Spores are the single-celled reproductive unit of nonflowering plants (such as ferns), fungi (such as moulds, puffballs, and mushrooms), and algae.
Spores are cells with thick cell walls, similar to seeds but are produced by mitosis.
Mould is a type of fungus, eukaryotic
micro-organism that decompose dead
organic material such as leaves, wood
and plants.
Pizza story
Moulds are used to make food products cheese, meat fermentation like salami

30. Moulds reproduce using spores
Spores are genetically identical to the mould cells they come from.
Spores are released into the air from a structure called a sporangium.
When a spore lands in a favourable environment (piece of bread in a warm moist environment) it begins to grow and divide by mitosis and cytokinesis and eventually produce more mould.
Pizza story
Moulds are used to make food products cheese, meat fermentation like salami

31. Fragmentation
A small part of the an animal breaks off and grow into a new organism.
A fragment can grow into a complete animal, depending on how much of the original parent is in the fagement.
Requires regeneration (ability to regrow a body part, tissue, or organ).
Eg. Flatworms, such as planaria
Eg. Sea stars
Eg. Salamanders
Why can’t we regenerate? Scishow

32. Planaria

33. Salamander

34. Axolotls
Axolotls

35. VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION: Asexual reproduction in plants
New plants grow from a portion of the roots, stems, or leaves of an existing plant.
Because the new plants are exacts copies of the parent, they are called clones.

36. Runners Strawberry plants propagate using runners
Runners are like stems that grow horizontally, above the ground, from a full- grown plant.
Eventually runners die, leaving independent, identical plants.
Buttercup weed

37. Bulbs
Roots grow out of the base of the bulb, and other bulbs from them.
Camas grows from bulbs .
Used by First Peoples of Pacific Northwest as food.
Other plants that grow from bulbs include onions and daffodils

38. Tubers (the potato) Tubers are enlarged underground stems, eg potato
New roots and stems grow from the eyes of the potato
If you plant a potato with this new growth, a potato plant will develop
Other plants: Artichoke, yam, water chestnut, arrowroot
Spuds in tubs
Food storage over winter to provide new plant with food until it can make it on its own.

39. From leaves of parent plant
New plants develop a “piggyback” style off the parent leaf, forcing it to bend under the weight and touch the ground.
The new piggyback will then develop roots and become a new separate plant.

40. Artificial Vegetative Propagation
Allows people to produce a large number of plants consistently and quickly, to meet specific needs.
Splitting Cutting Grafting

41. Splitting
A plant is split into two or more pieces, each containing intact shoots and roots.
Used with bulbs such as tulips and daffodils
Plants such as peonies and hostas

42. Cutting
Part of a leaf, stem or root is cut form a plant and placed in water with nutrients or potting soil. Cells near the cut surface develop into roots or shoots. The new roots supply water and nutrients, and each shoot forma a new plant.

43. Grafting
A bud, portion of the stem, or section of the root is cut from one plant and joined to another.
Fruit trees such as apple and pear
Nut trees such as walnut and almond
Grapevines
Used to produce orchard trees with desirable characteristics, like high-quality fruit or resistance to disease, and to cultivate a new variety of fruit.

44. Layering
Simple Layering - A section of stem is bent to touch the ground, then a cut is made to promote growth of roots.
Eg climbing roses, grapevines, honeysuckle, junipers, willows
Air Layering - a strip of outer bark is removed and moss is packed around the stem. Plastic is wrapped around the moss to prevent water loss. Once new root develops, stem is cut away form parent plant.
Eg. magnolias, fruit trees, nut trees.

45. Characteristics of Asexual Reproduction
Only one organism is needed to reproduce
All offspring are genetically identical to each other and to the parent
A single organism can produce large numbers of offspring

46. Check your understanding
Describe an example of vegetative propagation.
Why are new strawberry plants that form from runners identical to the parent plant?

47. Check your understanding
What key piece of evidence tells you bacteria reproduce asexually?
In what ways is reproduction in yeasts and bacteria similar?
In what ways are they different?
Why is a daughter yeast cell identical to the parent cell?
Why is a spore considered a type of asexual reproduction?
Give an example of vegetative propagation.
CYU p60

48. TEK (Traditional Ecological Knowledge)
Includes sophisticated resource management methods that have been used for thousands of years.
Root plants such as camas, riceroot, silverweed, and bitterroot were important sources of starches in the past.
First Peoples would manage camas meadows by replanting small, living sections of the harvested roots.
The bulb of the northern riceroot, has small bulblets that look like rice. At the centre is a small sprout that can be replanted. The Kwakwaka’wakw word for it means “grandfather”
Other techniques of resource management include controlled burning and modifying beaches to create clam gardens. Knowledge acquired from generations of experience with local ecosystems.