1. Semester Exam Review Part I
AP Human Geography
Semester Exam Review
Part I

2. Chapter 1 Globalization Regions- perceptual, formal, functional US
World
Geographic terminology
Hemispheres, latitude, longitude
Maps and projections
Scale
Peters’ Projection

3. Chapter 2
Population

4. What to remember about population
1. Where do people live around the world?
2. How do we measure population?
3. What can we learn from growth rates?
4. How does demography change?
5. What is the composition of population?
6. How do governments affect population?

5. 1. Where do people live around the world?
East Asia- about 1/3 of world population
China and India hold over 1 billion people each
Europe- concentrated in cities
Not agricultural anymore
North America- concentrated in the megalopolis regions
80 % of population live in the LDCs
All of Africa, Asia (excluding Japan), Latin America, and the island nations of the Caribbean and the Pacific

6. 2. How do we measure population?
Population Density
Total population relative to land size
Physiologic Population Density
Number of people per unit of arable land
Population Distribution
Changing scale to compare around the world
World Population Density
Example: dot maps

7. Population Density
Physiologic Population Density

8. 3. What can we learn from growth rates?
Growth rates exceed 3% in parts of Sub-Saharan Africa
Increases the doubling time = large population growth
World population growth
Over 7 billion now…
TFR
To maintain stability and replacement levels, TFR needs to be around 2.1
Varying growth rates over time
Changes in population planning programs
Health care reform
Government restrictions

9. 3. What can we learn from growth rates?
Thomas Malthus
Warned of a population time bomb. He said that population growth was growing exponentially and resources were not…
Neo-Malthusians
Present day people who follow a similar line of thinking like Malthus did.

10. 4. How does demography change?
The Demographic Transition Model- DTM
Stage 1- Low growth (high BR, high DR)
Stage 2- High growth (high BR, drastic decline DR)
Stage 3- Moderate growth (decline BR, decline DR)
Stage 4- Low or stationary growth (low BR, low DR)
Stage 5- Negative growth (BR too low, low DR)
Birth rate, death rate, mortality rate, RNI
All affect which stage a country will be in
Strive for stage 4- stationary growth

11. 4. How does demography change?
Population growth
BR-DR
Demographic change
BR-DR+immigration-emigration

12. 5. What is the composition of population?
Gender and Age Distribution
Population pyramids
Being able to read the pyramid, and assume what stage of the DTM the country would be in, and possibly guess what country it is
Pyramid shape- poorer country
More even distribution- wealthier country
Life Expectancy
Reflected in the pyramids
Gender and Age Structure
Can be affected by historical events, and can be shown in the pyramids

13. 6. How do governments affect population?
Population Planning
Health care reform
Birth control
Population Policies
Expansive- encourage growth
Eugenic- favoring one racial or cultural group over another
Restrictive- range from tolerating birth control methods to prohibition of large families
Example: China’s One-Child Policy

14. Chapter 3
Migration

15. What to remember about migration
1. What are the types of migration?
2. Why do people migrate?
3. Where do people migrate?
4. How can governments affect migration?

16. 1. What are the types of migration?
Cyclic
Periodic
International
If fleeing, then the person is an international refugee
Internal
If fleeing, then the person is an internal refugee
Emigration
Immigration

17. 2. Why do people migrate? Push and Pull Factors Economic conditions
Environmental conditions
Political situations
War
Culture and/or race
Forced
Voluntary
Step migration
Chain migration

18. 3. Where do people migrate?
Globally
Exploration, colonization
Atlantic Slave Trade
To core countries
Regionally
Short term economic opportunities
Get away from political conflict or war
Nationally
Internal
Small town to large cities

19. 4. How can governments affect migration?
Legal restrictions
Immigration Laws
Quotas
Can be due to world events
Selective immigration

20. Chapter 4
culture

21. What to remember about culture
1. What are the kinds of culture?
2. How does culture diffuse?
3. How are cultures sustained?
4. How can culture be seen on the landscape?

22. 1. What are the kinds of culture?
Folk culture
Local culture
Urban
Rural
Popular culture

23. 2. How does culture diffuse?
Diffusion
Expansion
Contagious
Stimulus
Hierarchical
Relocation
Distance Decay
The likelihood of diffusion decreases as time and distance from the hearth increases
More for local cultures
Time-Space Compression
The likelihood of diffusion depends upon the connectedness among places
More for popular cultures

24. 3. How are cultures sustained?
Customs
Maintaining customs
Traditions
Unique to the culture
Material and Nonmaterial culture
Defining what is important
Globalization
Spreading the word; tourism
Commodification
Tourism
Authenticity
Uniqueness

25. 4. How can cultures be seen on the landscape?
Anything to maintain or uphold the cultural uniqueness
Religious affiliations, restaurants, stores, names of places
Being taken over by placelessness