1. Do Now: what does “reform” mean?
Which reforms of the Early Reform Era had the most lasting effect on the civil rights and liberties of Americans?
Do Now: what does “reform” mean?
Which reforms of the Early Reform Era had the most lasting effect on the civil rights and liberties of Americans?

2. The first half of the nineteenth century was a time of “movers and shakers,” people who saw injustices in American society and worked to abolish those injustices.
Which reforms of the Early Reform Era had the most lasting effect on the civil rights and liberties of Americans?

3. What were the major reform movements of the 1800s?
Treatment of the mentally ill
Temperance movement
Abolition of slavery
Women’s rights
Education
Which reforms of the Early Reform Era had the most lasting effect on the civil rights and liberties of Americans?

4. TREATMENT OF THE MENTALLY ILL
Leader: Dorothea Dix
GOAL: better treatment of persons with mental illnesses
REASON: the mentally ill were badly treated
Which reforms of the Early Reform Era had the most lasting effect on the civil rights and liberties of Americans?

5. TREATMENT OF THE MENTALLY ILL
Dix decided to appeal to the Massachusetts government for help.
In 1843 she addressed the following report to the state legislature:
“I proceed, gentlemen, to call your attention to the present state of Insane Persons confined…, in cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens! Chained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience…”
Which reforms of the Early Reform Era had the most lasting effect on the civil rights and liberties of Americans?

6. TREATMENT OF THE MENTALLY ILL
As a result of Dix’s report, Massachusetts passed a law to build mental hospitals where mental illness could be treated as a disease rather than a crime.
By 1852, she had persuaded 11 states to open hospitals for persons with mental illness.
Which reforms of the Early Reform Era had the most lasting effect on the civil rights and liberties of Americans?

7. Which reforms of the Early Reform Era had the most lasting effect on the civil rights and liberties of Americans?

8. TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT GOAL: to eliminate alcohol abuse
Leader: American Temperance Union and religious leaders
GOAL: to eliminate alcohol abuse
REASON: alcohol led to crime, poverty, abuse of family
Which reforms of the Early Reform Era had the most lasting effect on the civil rights and liberties of Americans?

9. TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT
Religious leaders stood at the forefront of the war against alcohol.
Public drunkenness was common in the early 1800s.
Alcohol abuse was widespread, especially in the West and among urban workers.
Which reforms of the Early Reform Era had the most lasting effect on the civil rights and liberties of Americans?

10. TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT Reformers blamed alcohol for:
poverty
breakup of families
crime
insanity
Which reforms of the Early Reform Era had the most lasting effect on the civil rights and liberties of Americans?

11. TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT
Alcohol abuse was widespread during this time.
Employers often paid part of workers’ wages in rum or whiskey.
Workers took rum breaks similar to today’s coffee breaks!!
Which reforms of the Early Reform Era had the most lasting effect on the civil rights and liberties of Americans?

12. TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT
Which reforms of the Early Reform Era had the most lasting effect on the civil rights and liberties of Americans?

13. TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT
Northern and Southern temperance societies used propaganda to win support for their cause.
They held meetings, gave speeches, and distributed pamphlets.
They even sang songs such as “Drink Nothing, Boys, but Water,” and “Father, Bring Home Your Money Tonight.”
Which reforms of the Early Reform Era had the most lasting effect on the civil rights and liberties of Americans?

14. TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT
State legislators took the reformers’ message to heart. By 1857 several states had passed prohibition laws. Many Americans protested the laws, and most of the laws were later repealed.
Which reforms of the Early Reform Era had the most lasting effect on the civil rights and liberties of Americans?

15. ABOLITION OF SLAVERY
Leaders: Quakers, Frederick Douglass, Sojourner Truth, William Lloyd Garrison, anti-slavery groups
REASON: it is immoral for one person to own another
GOAL: end slavery
Which reforms of the Early Reform Era had the most lasting effect on the civil rights and liberties of Americans?

16. ABOLITION OF SLAVERY ABOLITION OF SLAVERY
By 1840, nearly 2.5 million enslaved people lived in the South.
At one time, the North also had slavery. By 1804 every Northern state legislature had passed laws to eliminate it.
The Southern economy, depended on slave labor.
Which reforms of the Early Reform Era had the most lasting effect on the civil rights and liberties of Americans?

17. ABOLITION OF SLAVERY ABOLITION OF SLAVERY
In 1831 white abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison founded The Liberator, a Boston anti-slavery newspaper.
In the first issue, Garrison demanded the immediate emancipation, or freeing, of all enslaved persons.
He urged abolitionists to take action without delay.
Which reforms of the Early Reform Era had the most lasting effect on the civil rights and liberties of Americans?

18. ABOLITION OF SLAVERY ABOLITION OF SLAVERY
The most important spokesperson for the cause was Frederick Douglass.
Born into slavery, Douglass secretly taught himself to read, although Southern laws prohibited it.
He escaped from slavery in 1838 and settled in Massachusetts.
He captivated audiences by talking about his life in bondage.
He spoke out against the injustices faced by free African Americans.
Which reforms of the Early Reform Era had the most lasting effect on the civil rights and liberties of Americans?

19. ABOLITION OF SLAVERY ABOLITION OF SLAVERY
Many abolitionists, like Douglass, did more than lecture and write. They became “conductors” on the Underground Railroad.
The Underground Railroad began around It was not an actual railroad but a series of houses where conductors hid runaway enslaved persons and helped them reach the next “station.”
Enslaved African Americans made their way to the North or Canada on the railroad.
Which reforms of the Early Reform Era had the most lasting effect on the civil rights and liberties of Americans?

20. ABOLITION OF SLAVERY ABOLITION OF SLAVERY
“There was one of two things I had a right to, liberty or death; if I could not have the one, I would have the other.”
Which reforms of the Early Reform Era had the most lasting effect on the civil rights and liberties of Americans?

21. Women’s Rights
Leaders: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony, Sojourner Truth
GOAL: obtain equal rights for women, including suffrage, right to own property, and education
REASON: women did not have the same rights as men
Which reforms of the Early Reform Era had the most lasting effect on the civil rights and liberties of Americans?

22. Women’s Rights
On July 19, 1848, the first women’s rights convention opened in Seneca Falls, New York.
Both male and female delegates attended the convention.
Which reforms of the Early Reform Era had the most lasting effect on the civil rights and liberties of Americans?

23. Women’s Rights
The delegates issued the Seneca Falls Declaration that “all men and women are created equal.”
Then the declaration listed several resolutions. One of them demanded suffrage, or the right to vote, for women. After much heated debate, it passed by a narrow margin.
Which reforms of the Early Reform Era had the most lasting effect on the civil rights and liberties of Americans?

24. Women’s Rights
The Seneca Falls Convention marked the beginning of an organized women’s rights movement.
Following the convention, women did not achieve all of their demands. They did, however overcome some obstacles.
Many states passed laws permitting women to own their own property and keep their own earnings.
Many men and women, though, continued to oppose the movement. Most politicians ignored or acted hostile to the issue of women’s rights.
Which reforms of the Early Reform Era had the most lasting effect on the civil rights and liberties of Americans?

25. Education Reform Leaders: Horace Mann
REASON: more Americans were qualified to vote and needed to be able to make wise decisions about their government
GOALS: to educate all Americans
“Education does better than to disarm the poor of their hostility toward the rich; it prevents them from being poor.”

26. Education Reform Education Reform
American schools varied from section to section across the country.
As early as 1647, Massachusetts passed a law requiring towns to provide schools for their children. The rest of New England adopted similar laws. The towns, not the states, paid for the schools.
Which reforms of the Early Reform Era had the most lasting effect on the civil rights and liberties of Americans?

27. Education Reform Education Reform
Not everyone favored common schools, also referred to as free, or tax-supported, public schools.
In the 1830s few people paid state or federal taxes. As a result, many strongly objected to paying taxes for public schools.
Which reforms of the Early Reform Era had the most lasting effect on the civil rights and liberties of Americans?

28. Education Reform Education Reform
Horace Mann spearheaded the campaign for common schools.
Mann was especially concerned about poor children. Their families could not afford to send them to private schools or to contribute to the support of schools in their district.
Mann won over taxpayers to his way of thinking by pointing out the benefits to society.
Which reforms of the Early Reform Era had the most lasting effect on the civil rights and liberties of Americans?

29. Education Reform Education Reform
During the 1840s and 1850s, the flood of immigrants into the United States helped free public schools gain general acceptance. Many Americans realized that schools were the ideal agents to teach American values to the new arrivals.
Which reforms of the Early Reform Era had the most lasting effect on the civil rights and liberties of Americans?

30. Education Reform Education Reform
Girls generally received only a basic education. Even private schools taught girls morals and manners rather than science and mathematics.
Few places offered any kind of education to African Americans in the early 1800s. Almost all colleges barred African Americans from attending. Two exceptions were Amherst College and Bowdoin College in the northeast. Little progress was made in higher education for African Americans until years after the Civil War.
Which reforms of the Early Reform Era had the most lasting effect on the civil rights and liberties of Americans?

31. REFORM MOVEMENTS OF THE 1800s
Which reforms of the era had the most lasting effect on the civil rights and liberties of Americans? Support your answer.
Which reforms of the Early Reform Era had the most lasting effect on the civil rights and liberties of Americans?