1. By: Mrs. Fergusson
Soap

2. Naming Soap
There are many different IUPAC names and compounds that are more commonly known as soap.
Soap is a generic term for a fat that has been mixed with Sodium hydroxide.
We use soap in our everyday lives. To wash our hands, dishes, clothing, hair, etc.

3. Look at a molecule of soap made from olive oil.
Carboxylate
Look at a molecule of soap made from olive oil.
There are three major functional groups in this molecule of sodium oleate
Alkene
Have students talk with a partner. Have students answer the question, any answers are okay, the idea is to just get them talking and thinking with a partner about the molecule.
Ionic = hydrophilic end – O – and Na+ (at the top of the molecule). It’s the “water loving end” and it dissolves in water
Other end is hydrophobic end CH3 at the bottom. (at the bottom). It’s the “water hating end” and this end is able to dissolve non-polar grease molecules.
Students should be familiar with these concepts because they have taken biology, which touches on the hydrophilic end and hydrophobic end
Cont. to next slide.
Alkane

4. Alkane
Carboxylate

5. The difference in the kinds of soap is the amount of fat that’s used.
i.e. detergent uses less fat than liquid or bar soap, the more fat used the softer the soap is on the hands

6. Creating Soap The process of making soap is known as saponification.
This process involves adding a fat and sodium hydroxide (also known as lye) together.
The type of alkali and fat determine the type of soap made
Traditionally these fats have been triglycerides, which derive their name from Triglyceride is the chemical name for the triesters of fatty acids and glycerin.

8. History 1st appeared c. 2800 BC in Ancient Babylon
A formula for soap consisting of water, alkali, and cassia oil was written on a Babylonian clay tablet

9. Popular in Roman Times
They used animal tallow (or fat) and wood ash to make soap
The word soap comes from the Latin word “sapo”
Tales of soap making come from this period
Including the popular belief that the name for soap comes from Mount Sapo, where in ancient times animal sacrifices took place.
Aretaeus of Cappadocia, wrote in the first century AD "Celts, which are men called Gauls, those alkaline substances that are made into balls [...] called soap"

10. Soap making became the work of women during the middle ages
Soap making became the work of women during the middle ages. The process if not done correctly could cause harm.
During the middle ages soap was not widely used by all.
During the industrial revolution soap was mass produced and available to a wide range of individuals.
Today, soap is widely available and its use is encouraged because of a better understanding of the role of hygiene in reducing the population size of pathogenic microorganisms (or germs that can make you sick ).

11. How Does Soap Work?

12. The soap molecules form little bubbles (of sort) that surround the grease particles and allow them to be washed off with clean water
The picture on the right describes this.
The picture on the left describes the hydrophilic end and the hydrophobic end of the molecule.
When applied to a soiled surface, soapy water effectively holds particles in suspension so it can be rinsed off with water.

13. Credits
Aretaeus, The Extant Works of Aretaeus, the Cappadocian, ed. and tr. Francis Adams (London) 1856:238 and 496, noted in Michael W. Dols, "Leprosy in medieval Arabic medicine" Journal of the History of Medicine 1979:316 note 9; the Gauls with whom the Cappadocian would have been familiar are those of Anatolian Galatia.
IUPAC. "IUPAC Gold Book – soap" Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). XML on-line corrected version: created by M. Nic, J. Jirat, B. Kosata; updates compiled by A. Jenkins. ISBN doi: /goldbook. Accessed
Geoffrey Jones (25 February 2010). "Cleanliness and Civilization". Beauty Imagined: A History of the Global Beauty Industry. Oxford University Press. ISBN