1. What are the indexes of modernity?
Pressures for increased democracy
Loosening of old customs
Questioning of ancestral religions; increased secularization
Demands for individual liberation
Expectation of a higher standard of living
Drive for more equality (gender, race, class, religious, nationalities)
Elaborate means of transportation and communication
Advanced science, medicine, hygiene, agriculture
Sophisticated means for fighting or negotiating peace
Complex networks of finance and trade

2. I. The Renaissance was the period that followed (brought Europe out of) the Middle Ages. It was a time of renewed interest in things of this world.
A. Human beings and their conditions
B. Education, art, literature, and science
C. Approximately

3. WHY IMPORTANT? Renaissance ideas which are still in use
Respect for dignity of the individual and liberty
Science replaces faith as source of material knowledge
Expectation of a decent standard of living and growth of middle class
Diplomacy and balance of power deployed
Centralized state authority serves as a buffer against feudalism and disorder

4. The Renaissance started in Italy where wealth from trade supported art learning.
A. Here also modern capitalism was born. Private individuals or companies, not the government, owned businesses. The main goal is profit.
B. Republican government arose in most cities. Citizens participated.

5. What was “Italy” in the 14-1500’s
Many city states and kingdoms
No centralized authority to create a unified Italy
While still mostly rural, the Italian peninsula was the most urbanized place in Europe
Wealthy people made the rules

6. The Medicis Began as merchants then took capital & went into banking
Became powerful politicians and married into royal and papal families
Lorenzo builds a library of classical works, patronizes artists

7. Machiavelli wrote a book called The Prince
Do the ends justify the means?
Conflict of western values:
-is the state more important than the individual?
-is order and stability more important than individual rights?
Is politics divorced from ethics?
Politics as a “science” :
-leaders can study what worked in the past as a guide to policy
-leaders must pursue pragmatic policies, not ethical ideals
Leaders should do anything necessary to stay in power

8. Renaissance Humanism Emphasized:
Beauty of human mind and body
Civic humanism: Power of individual to improve, excel and create progress
Heightened awareness of individualism, beauty, the dignity of man
Used the human form as a metaphor for the potentiality and power of the human mind
Required the support of wealthy patrons
A liberal arts education was the means to individual fulfillment and social progress

13. A. Leanardo da Vinci ( ) painted (Mona Lisa), studied geology, chemistry and anatomy, designed buildings, canals and weapons, and sketched engines and flying machines.

16. B. Michelangelo Buonaroti ( ) painted (the Sistine Chapel ceiling), sculptured (David), designed buildings, and wrote poetry.

17. c. Donatello
Revived free-standing sculpture
Studied human anatomy

18. d. Raphael’s “The Three Graces”
Emphasis
on beauty

19. e. William Shakespeare wrote plays showing humans as in God's image, but part of this world as well.

20. Inventions of the Renaissance

21. Clocks The oldest surviving mechanical clock were made in the 1300’s.
Italian scientist Galileo discovered the pendulum.
This made for better time keeping.

22. Water clocks and hourglasses
Water clocks and hourglasses were widely using in the 1500’s.

23. The Watch (portable timepiece)
The portable watch was invented by German Peter Henlein in 1505
He created his watch to be spring powered making it much smaller.
This watch was a pocket watch. The wrist watch didn’t come into widespread use until the 1800’s.

24. Printing The Chinese were the first to invent printing in 868.
In the mid-1400’s, Johan Gutenberg of Germany invented a printing press using moveable type.
Now books could be printed with greater speed and less effort.
The Gutenberg Bible is considered one of the first books ever printed.

25. Eyeglasses Eyeglasses were invented in the 1300’s.
With the invention of the printing press in the 1400’s, the demand for eyeglasses increased.
Far-sighted glasses (for reading) were developed first.
Later on near-sightedness was able to be corrected.

26. Lenses Lenses were used for more than just eyeglasses.
Galileo used lenses to make an astronomical telescope to look at the stars and planets in 1606.
Isaac Newton made the first reflecting telescope in 1668.

28. The Musket
The musket was the first usable rifle that soldiers could carry into battle.
It was developed in Spain in the 1500’s.
It could fire a metal ball that could seriously kill or hurt someone.
The first muskets were very large weighing 40 pounds and being over 6 feet long.
They were very hard to use.

30. The Rudder
The invention of the rudder in the 1200’s greatly increased the control over steering a ship.

32. The Flush Toilet
The flush toilet, or water closet as it was called dates back to 1589 when it was invented by Sir John Harington.
Harington invented a valve that when pulled would release water from a water closet. Sir John recommended flushing the toilet once or twice a day, although with our modern technology, we know that is probably not sufficient. (Rumor has it that, in Robin Hood's day, King Arthur - angry with how his brother ruled the country while the King was gone, named the toilet, 'the john' - aka as 'the jon' to you folks.)

34. Adding Machine
The French scientist, Blaise Pascal has been credited with inventing the very first digital calculator. In 1642, the 18-year-old Pascal, the son of a French tax collector, invented his numerical wheel calculator called the Pascaline, to help his father count taxes.

36. Thermometer
The Thermometer was invented by Galileo in 1593 which, for the first time, allowed temperature variations to be measured. In 1714, Gabriel Fahrenheit invented the first mercury thermometer, the modern thermometer.
Thermometers measure temperature, by using materials that change in some way when they are heated or cooled.

38. Submarine
The submarine was invented in 1624 by a man named Cornelius van Drebbel.
Leonardo da Vinci drew out the basic concept of a submarine over one hundred years before.
Drebbel, a Dutch inventor and engineer employed by the British navy constructed a leather- covered rowboat from which oars protruded through watertight seals.
Drubbel's ship could stay underwater for a few hours, but it only went about fifteen feet under the surface.

39. The Match Fire - Robert Boyle invented the match in 1680.
Although fire could be made by rubbing sticks together or by striking flint to steel, this was a time consuming process. Boyle discovered that when phosphorus and sulfur were rubbed together, they would burst into flame.
Although convenient, Boyle's matches were not very safe, because sometimes they accidentally went up in flames while in a pocket. (Warm surprise!)

40. Gothic Cathedrals Long isles to the alter Large windows for light
Flying buttresses for support
Stained glass windows
Statues of saints
Towns and trade grow up around the cathedrals

41. Cathedrals