1. Chapter 8:
The
Unification
of China

2. Chinese
Philosophies
&
Ethical Codes

3. Confucianism

4. Confucius Kong Fuzi (551-479 BCE) Aristocratic roots
Master Philosopher Kong
Aristocratic roots
Unwilling to compromise principle
Decade of unemployment, wandering
Returned home a failure, died soon thereafter
Teachings: Analects

5. Confucian Ideas Ethics and politics Junzi: “superior individuals”
Avoided religion, metaphysics
Junzi: “superior individuals”
Role in government service
Emphasis on Zhou Dynasty texts
later formed core texts of Chinese education

6. Confucian Values Ren Li Xiao Traits lead to development of junzi
Kindness, benevolence
Needed in government! Li
Courtesy & respect, especially to elders
Xiao
Filial piety
Traits lead to development of junzi
Ideal leaders

7. 5 Principle Relationships
1. Ruler
Subject
2. Father
Son
3. Husband
Wife
4. Older Brother
Younger Brother
5. Older Friend
Younger Friend

8. Organizing Principles
Status
Age
Gender

9. Confucian Temple Complex

10. In Qufu, a city in Shandong Province, China
Confucius' Tomb
In Qufu, a city in Shandong Province, China

11. Mencius (372-289 BCE) Principal Confucian scholar
Optimist, belief in power of ren
Not influential during lifetime
Considered prime exponent of Confucian thought since 10th century

12. Xunzi (298-238 BCE) Career as government administrator
Belief in fundamental selfishness of humanity
Compare with Mencius
Emphasis on li, rigid propriety
Believed in limits on individual interests and punishments for those who neglected their obligations to the larger society

13. Daoism

14. Daoism Critics of Confucianism Founder: Laozi, 6th c. BCE
Passivism, rejection of active attempts to change the course of events
Founder: Laozi, 6th c. BCE
The Daodejing (Classic of Way and of Virtue)
Zhuangzi (named for author, BCE)

15. The Dao “The Way” (of nature, of the cosmos)
Water: soft and yielding, but capable of eroding rock
Cavity of pots, wheels: nonexistent, but essential

16. Doctrine of Wuwei Attempt to control universe results in chaos
Restore order by disengagement
No advanced education
No ambition
Simple living in harmony with nature
Cultivate self-knowledge

17. The "Dao" [Tao]
To escape the “social, political, & cultural traps” of life, one must escape by:
1. Rejecting formal knowledge and learning.
2. Relying on the senses and instincts.
3. Discovering the nature and “rhythm” of the universe.
4. Ignoring political and social laws.

18. The Universe of Opposites:
Find the Balance!
Yin
Masculine
Active
Light
Warmth
Strong
Heaven; Sun
Feminine
Passive
Darkness
Cold
Weak
Earth; Moon
Yang

19. Political Implications of Daoism
Confucianism as public doctrine
Daoism as private pursuit
Ironic combination allowed intellectuals to pursue both

20. Legalism

21. Major Legalist Principles
1. Human nature is naturally selfish.
2. Intellectualism and literacy is discouraged.
3. Law is the supreme authority and replaces morality.
4. The ruler must rule with a strong, punishing hand.
5. War is the means of strengthening a ruler’s power.

22. Legalism Emphasis on development of the state Role of Law
Ruthless, end justifies the means
Role of Law
Strict punishment for violators
Principle of collective responsibility
Shang Yang ( BCE), The Book of the Lord Shang
Han Feizi ( BCE)
Forced to commit suicide by political enemies

23. Legalist Doctrine Two strengths of the state
Agriculture
Military
Emphasized development of peasant, soldier classes
Distrust of pure intellectual, cultural pursuits
Historically, often imitated but rarely praised

24. Qin Dynasty 221 BCE – 206 BCE

25. China under the Qin dynasty, 221-207 B.C.E.

26. Unification of China Qin dynasty develops, 4th-3rd centuries BCE
Generous land grants under Shang Yang
Private farmers decrease power of large landholders
Increasing centralization of power
Improved military technology

27. The First Emperor
Qin Shihuangdi (r BCE) founds new dynasty as “First Emperor”
Dynasty ends in 207, but sets dramatic precedent
Basis of rule: centralized bureaucracy
Massive public works begun
Precursor to Great Wall

28. Resistance to Qin Policies
Emperor orders execution of all critics
Orders burning of all ideological works
Some 460 scholars buried alive
Others exiled
Massive cultural losses

29. Qin Centralization Standardized: Building of roads, bridges Laws
Currencies
Weights and measures
Script
Previously: single language written in distinct scripts
Building of roads, bridges

30. Massive Tomb Projects Built by 700,000 workers
Slaves, concubines, and craftsmen sacrificed and buried
Excavated in 1974, 15,000 terra cotta sculptures of soldiers, horses, and weapons unearthed

31. The figures include warriors, chariots, horses, officials, acrobats, strongmen, and musicians.
Current estimates are that in the three pits containing the Terracotta Army there were over 8,000 soldiers, 130 chariots with 520 horses and 150 cavalry horses, the majority of which are still buried in the pits.

33. The Great Wall of China

34. How is a man to live in a world dominated by chaos, suffering, and absurdity??
Confucianism --> Moral order in society.
Legalism --> Rule by harsh law & order.
Daoism --> Freedom for individuals and less govt. to avoid uniformity and conformity.

35. Han Dynasty 206 BCE – 220 CE

36. The Han Dynasty & Tributary States

37. The Han Dynasty Civil disorder brings down Qin dynasty 207 BCE
Liu Bang forms new dynasty: the Han (206 BCE-220 CE)
Former Han (206 BCE-9 CE)
Interruption 9-23 CE
Later Han ( CE)

38. Early Han Policies
Relaxed Qin tyranny without returning to Zhou anarchy
Created large landholdings
But maintained control over administrative regions
After failed rebellion, took more central control

39. Han Centralization The Martial Emperor: Han Wudi (141-87 BCE)
Increased taxes to fund more public works
But huge demand for government officials, decline since Qin persecution

40. Confucian Educational System
Han Wudi establishes an Imperial University in 124 BCE
Not a lover of scholarship, but demanded educated class for bureaucracy
Adopted Confucianism as official course of study
3000 students by end of Former Han, 30,000 by end of Later Han

41. Han Imperial Expansion
Invasions of Vietnam, Korea
Constant attacks from Xiongnu
Nomads from Central Asia
Horsemen
Brutal: Maodun ( BCE), had soldiers murder his wife, father
Han Wudi briefly dominates Xiongnu

42. East Asia and central Asia at the time of Han Wudi, ca. 87 BCE

43. Patriarchal Social Order
Classic of Filial Piety
Subordination to elder males
Admonitions for Women
Female virtues:
Humility, obedience, subservience, loyalty

44. Iron Metallurgy Expansion of iron manufacture
Iron tips on tools abandoned as tools entirely made from iron
Increased food production
Superior weaponry

45. Other technological Developments
Cultivation of silkworms
Breeding
Diet control
Other silk-producing lands relied on wild worms
Development of paper
Bamboo, fabric abandoned in favor of wood and textile-based paper

46. The Silk Road in the 1st Century

47. Population Growth in the Han Dynasty
220 BCE 20 million people
By 9 CE 60 million people
General prosperity
Increased agricultural productivity
Taxes small part of overall income
Produce occasionally spoiling in state granaries

48. Economic and Social Difficulties
Expenses of military expeditions, esp. vs. Xiongnu
Taxes increasing
Arbitrary property confiscations rise
Increasing gap between rich and poor
Slavery, tenant farming increase
Banditry, rebellion

49. Reign of Wang Mang (9-23 CE)
Wang Mang regent for 2-year old Emperor, 6 CE
Takes power himself 9 CE
Introduces massive reforms
The “socialist emperor”
Land redistribution, but poorly handled
Social chaos ends in his assassination 23 CE

50. Later Han Dynasty
Han Dynasty emperors manage, with difficulty, to reassert control
Yellow Turban uprising challenges land distribution problems
Internal court intrigue
Weakened Han Dynasty collapses by 220 CE