1. Digestive System (Part 3) Odds and Ends
Digestion Overview

2. Gall Bladder Liver Common Bile Duct Gall Bladder
secretes bile (made in the LIVER) into the duodenum to emulsify fats
Breaks down fat into fat droplets
Liver
Common Bile Duct
Gall Bladder

4. Gallstones
Made of cholesterol and CaCO3
Block bile ducts

5. Pancreases (Hormonal Function)
Pancrease is an endocrine gland
Produces hormones in the islets of Langerhans
releasing insulin and glucagon into bloodstream

6. Insulin Functions
Aids in transportation of glucose into and out of cells by making cell membranes permeable to glucose
Aids in formation of glycogen
Aids in transfer of peptide monomer amino acids into cells
Aids in metabolism of carbohydrates and helps maintain homeostasis

7. Insulin Feedback Mechanism
Diabetic Video
Insulin Feedback Mechanism
Liver
Stores glucose as glycogen
Pancreases (secretes insulin)
High Glucose
(after eating)
Muscles
Store glycogen
Adipose
Stores glucose as fat
Results in lower glucose levels

8. Glucagon Produced by the pancreases
Works with Insulin in a complementary fashion
Stimulates conversion of glycogen into glucose

9. Glucagon Feedback Mechanism
Liver
Converts glycogen to glucose
Low Glucose
(between meals)
Pancreas
(secretes glucagon)
Muscles
Converts glycogen to glucose
Results in higher blood glucose levels
Adipose
Converts fat to glucose

10. Liver Six Major Functions Synthesis of digestive emulsifier bile
Destroys red blood cells and converts the hemoglobin into bile components
Maintains blood glucose homeostasis
Deaminates amino acids by removing the toxic amino group and converting it into urea
Manufactures plasma proteins (eg. Clotting components from amino acids found in the blood: fibrinogen)
Detoxifies the blood by converting harmful metabolites into less harmful substance eg. alcohol

12. Liver Disorders

13. The Liver
This is an in-situ photograph of the chest and abdominal contents. As can be seen, the liver is the largest parenchymal organ, lying just below the diaphragm. The right lobe (at the left in the photograph) is larger than the left lobe. The falciform ligament is the rough dividing line between the two lobes.

14. Cirrhosis caused by chronic alcoholism
This is an example of a micronodular cirrhosis. The regenerative nodules are quite small, averaging less than 3 mm in size. The most common cause for this is chronic alcoholism. The process of cirrhosis develops over many years.

15. Intrahepatic Obstruction
Here is an example of intrahepatic obstruction with a small stone in an intrahepatic bile duct.

16. Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Cancer)
The satellite nodules of this hepatocellular carcinoma represent either intrahepatic spread of the tumor or multicentric origin of the tumor.

17. Dr. Oz: Liver Disease

18. Elephant Guts
Elephant guts online stop after 1:42 Continue on to elephant guts 2