1. Circulation and Immunity

2. 3 Main Components Of the Human Circulatory System: What are they?
Heart
Blood Vessels
Blood

3. Through which blood vessel does blood return from the lungs to the left atrium?
Pulmonary Vein

4. Where do the atrioventricular valves do?
Separates ventricles from the atrium

5. What do the semilunar valves do?
Control the flow of blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery

6. Elasticity in the arteries has what functions?
Allows a large volume of blood, and at a fairly high pressure, to pass through the vessel. Elastic walls helps vessel accommodate the large volumes of blood passing through.

7. What is diastolic pressure?
Lowest pressure is called diastolic pressure, occurs just before the ventricles contract

8. What is systolic pressure?
Maximum pressure is called systolic pressure, during ventricle contraction

9. What does the pulmonary blood transport system do?
Transports blood between the heart and the lungs

10. What does the systematic blood transport system do?
Moves blood from the left ventricle to the tissues and back to the right atrium

11. Oxygen and nutrients are transported directly to the muscles through what?
Aorta

12. The first sound “lub” in the “lub dub” sound that the heart makes is because what is happening?
Atrioventricular valve is closing

13. Why do capillaries carry less blood than arteries do?
Much smaller and thinner

14. Veins prevent blood from going backwards with?
One-way valves

15. What do White Blood Cells do?
They Respond to infection
Make up1% of blood volume
Lymph nodes also contain macrophages, white blood cells that destroy bacteria
The lymphatic system works with white blood cells to protect against infection
Volume may double during infection
Contain nuclei
Colourless

16. What do Red Blood Cells do?
Make up 44% of blood volume
Are in charge of O2 transport
disc shaped, lack a nucleus
contain hemoglobin:
iron rich protein
readily picks up O2
carries CO2 away from cells
transfers gases via diffusion

17. What does Plasma do? fluid component of blood Makes up 55% of volume
contains: dissolved gases, proteins, sugars, vitamins, minerals, hormones,waste products
Suspends blood cells
Key role in CO2 transport
92% water
7% proteins
1% ions
Trace amount organic substances

18. What do Platelets do? Fragments of cells, have no nucleus
Key role in clotting
Formed in marrow when large cells break apart
Buildup of platelets stops bleeding from happening

19. What is Atherosclerosis? How is it Treated?
Build-up of fatty deposits on wall of artery
Blood flow is decreased, blood pressure is increased
Treated with aspirin to prevent platelets from sticking together (clots)
Treated with medication to breakdown existing clots
Surgical treatments such as angioplasty; permanent stent is inserted into artery to “re-open” passage way

20. Identify structures of the heart

21. What is Vasoconstriction?
Narrowing of blood vessels near skin surface
Reduces blood flow
Reduces heat loss

23. What triggers vasoconstriction?
Low blood pressure

24. What is vasodilation? Enlarging of blood vessels near skin surface
Increases blood flow
Increases heat loss

26. What triggers vasodilation?
high blood pressure
exercise
alcohol and nicotine

27. What could prevent you from suffering from high blood pressure issue?
Low alcohol use
Consistent exercise
Healthy diet (lower in saturated and higher in unsaturated)

28. How does transport happen across the capillaries?
exchange of matter with body cells
thin for diffusion
networks or beds
flow is slow
As blood circulates, plasma escapes from capillaries and becomes part of interstitial fluid
network of fine vessels where gas and nutrient transfer to tissues occurs. Capillaries join arteries to veins
Capillary walls are a single cell thick

29. People who have a higher number of leukocytes may have which disorder?
Leukaemia — Myeloid

30. A lower number of hematocrit (red blood cells) means that people could have what disorder?
Anemia

31. What does the lymphatic system do?
The lymphatic system works with white blood cells to protect against infection
Pathogens are prevented from entering the body, or are destroyed once inside.
3 lines of defence:
Barriers
General/ non-specific
Specific

32. What are direct defences of the body?
physical or chemical
Examples: eyelashes, cilia, tears, stomach acid, skin
Skin is the largest barrier

33. Non-Specific Defences?
Involves 3 types of white blood cells:
Macrophages, neutrophils & monocytes kill pathogens via phagocytosis

34. Blood Type O- Universal Donor
Neither A or B Antigens Found on Surface of Red Blood Cells
Both A and B Plasma Antibodies
Rh Negative

35. AB+ — universal recipient
A and B Antigens Found on Surface of Red Blood Cells
Neither A and B Plasma Antibodies
Rh+ Factor

36. What is a triple bypass Surgery?
healthy vessels are taken from elsewhere in the body and used to create a new pathway around a blocked vessel.
Used to treat cardiovascular disease

37. Helper T-Cells: What do they do?
Identify the antigens

38. What is the equation: Cardiac Output?
cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

39. Review Steps in the cardiac cycle
Steps in the production of antibodies
Parts of the heart
Blood Types
Equations
Disorders + Treatments